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ECOLOGY and BIOMECHANICS - CHAPTER 3

Các môi trường sống bãi triều là máy móc rất yêu cầu [1]. Tỷ lệ lưu lượng cao (lớn hơn 25 m s -1 ) Và gia tốc (lớn hơn 500 m s -2 ) Yêu cầu đặc biệt cơ khí sự thích nghi của sinh vật bãi triều [2-8]. Nói chung, đó là thuận lợi để giảm thiểu kích thước tổng thể để tránh các lực lượng do sóng quá mức [9]. Bãi triều rong biển, Tuy nhiên, đi chệch khỏi mô hình này. Dựa trên giả định phổ biến như thế nào lực lượng quy mô với kích thước, nhóm này có vẻ là quá khổ. | 3 The Role of Blade Buoyancy and Reconfiguration in the Mechanical Adaptation of the Southern Bullkelp Durvillaea Deane L. Harder Craig L. Stevens Thomas Speck and Catriona L. Hurd CONTENTS 3.1 Introduction.62 3.1.1 The Intertidal Zone.62 3.1.2 The Southern Bullkelps Durvillaea antarctica and D. willana.62 3.1.3 Drag and Streamlining.64 3.1.4 Objectives.65 3.2 Material and Methods.65 3.2.1 Tested Seaweeds.65 3.2.2 Drag Forces.66 3.2.3 Shortening Experiments.67 3.2.4 Drag Coefficients and Reconfiguration.67 3.2.5 Buoyancy.68 3.2.6 Field Studies.68 3.2.7 Morphological Survey.69 3.2.8 Statistical Analysis.69 3.3 Results.70 3.3.1 Drag Forces.70 3.3.2 Shortening Experiments. 70 3.3.3 Drag Coefficients and Reconfiguration . 72 3.3.4 Vogel Number . 72 3.3.5 Buoyancy. 73 61 Copyright 2006 Taylor Francis Group LLC 62 Ecology and Biomechanics 3.3.6 Field Studies.73 3.3.7 Morphological Survey.74 3.4 Discussion.74 3.4.1 Drag Forces.74 3.4.2 Drag Coefficients Reconfiguration and the Vogel Number.78 3.4.3 Buoyancy and Field Studies.80 3.4.4 Morphological Survey.81 3.5 Conclusion.82 Acknowledgments.82 References.82 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.1.1 The Intertidal Zone The intertidal habitat is mechanically very demanding 1 . High flow rates greater than 25 m s-1 and accelerations greater than 500 m s-2 require special mechanical adaptations by intertidal organisms 2-8 . In general it is advantageous to minimize the overall size to avoid excessive wave-induced forces 9 . Intertidal seaweeds however deviate from this pattern. Based on common presumptions of how forces scale with size this group seems to be oversized 9 . Seaweeds can adapt their mechanical properties in response to ambient wave climates 2 4 7 . Possibly even more important seaweeds are very flexible and can change their overall shape 3 5 6 8 . By streamlining seaweeds are able to reduce the magnitude of acting forces that can potentially be generated at high velocities 10-12 . The overall goal of this study was to quantify the