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The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Part 81

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The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Part 81. In the past decade, Cognitive Linguistics has developed into one of the most dynamic and attractive frameworks within theoretical and descriptive linguistics The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics is a major new reference that presents a comprehensive overview of the main theoretical concepts and descriptive/theoretical models of Cognitive Linguistics, and covers its various subfields, theoretical as well as applied. | 770 JOSE M. GARCIA-MIGUEL Table 29.3. Ranking of all properties of grammatical relations according to universality and functional transparency Most Universal Most Transparent a. Functional reference-and-topically properties b. Behavior-and-control properties c. Word-order d. Grammatical agreement e. Nominal case-marking Least Universal Least Transparent such as control of co-reference across clause boundaries tend to treat A and S in the same way even in languages whose case system is ergative.10 Givon 1995 253 2001 196 has ordered the grammatical properties according to their universality as shown in table 29.3. Here the use of the terms universal and transparency is controversial because it takes for granted the universality of categories that can be checked formally in English and in other European languages but that are hardly detected in other systems. However their functional basis is correct. If we seek grammatical correlates of the notion primary clausal topic Givon or of clausal trajector the first element on a scale of prominence Langacker cross-linguistic evidence shows that there exists a clear tendency toward assigning such prominence to A or the grouping A S defining accusative systems rather than to P or the grouping P S defining ergative systems . Such evidence comes from the tendency for the subjects A S to convey accessible information Chafe 1994 82-92 from the tendency against the lexical instantiation of A and to a lesser degree S Du Bois 1987 and from the preference for subjects to serve as reference points in accessing the relation profiled by the verb Langacker 1998 . What table 29.3 means is that behavior and control properties of grammatical relations passivization reflexivization relativization etc. are transparently linked to topicality and referential continuity and that of the three overt coding properties of grammatical relations both word-order and pronominal agreement are transparently associated with the coding of topicality Givon .