Health financing: overall, there is a lack of financing for health services. the northern administrations in Somaliland and Puntland commit roughly 3% of their annual budgets to health but relative and absolute amounts are extremely low (less than US$ 1 million per year in each case). in the ScZ there has been no public budget and no public financial commitment to health. in all three zones the health system is heavily dependent on private out-of-pocket expenditure, charitable donations and international assistance from traditional institutional donors – none of which are dependable sources13 . total amounts remain far short of what is.
