Gimson's pronunciation of english part 4. Bài tập luyện ngữ pháp tiếng anh cho mọi người, đây là tài liệu hay và hữu ích có thể giúp các bạn có thể nắm vững được các ngữ pháp tiếng anh cụ thể. | 2 2 Language and Speech electrogiottography. The best-known technique in the latter class involves using a With this technique electrodes are attached to the outside of the throat anti the varying electrical impedance is monitored and projected onto a visual display. The signal generated by the variation in impedance can also be stored enabling this technique to be used outside the laboratory. Measures of fundamental frequency do not always correspond to our auditory perception of pitch. Besides the dependence on intensity mentioned above different segments affect the fundamental frequency in different ways for example other things being equal an i will have a higher fundamental frequency than an a and a p will produce a higher frequency on a following vowel than a b . Such slight changes in frequency will generally be undetectable by the ear. As in many other cases of instrumental measurement we still have to use our auditory perception to interpret what instruments tell us. Intensity Loudness Our sensation of the relative loudness of sounds may depend on several factors . a sound or syllable may appear to stand out from its neighbours be louder because a marked pitch change is associated with it or because it is longer than its neighbours. It is better to use a term such as prominence to cover these general listener impressions of variations in the perceptibility of sounds. More strictly what is loudness at the receiving end should be related to INTOG sin- at the production stage which in turn is related to the size or amplitude of the vibration. An increase in amplitude of vibration with its resultant impression of greater loudness is brought about by an Increase in air pressure from the lungs. As we shall see this greater intensity is not in itself usually the most important factor in rendering a sound prominent in English. Moreover all other things being equal some sounds appear by their nature to be more prominent or sonorous than
