Internetworking with TCP/IP- P6: TCP/IP has accommodated change well. The basic technology has survived nearly two decades of exponential growth and the associated increases in traffic. The protocols have worked over new high-speed network technologies, and the design has handled applications that could not be imagined in the original design. Of course, the entire protocol suite has not remained static. New protocols have been deployed, and new techniques have been developed to adapt existing protocols to new network technologies | 18 Review Of Underlying Network Technologies Chap. 2 Two Approaches To Network Communication Whether they provide connections between one computer and another or between a terminal and a computer communication networks can be divided into two basic types connection-oriented sometimes called circuit-switched and connectionless sometimes called packet-switched . Connection-oriented networks operate by forming a dedicated connection or circuit between two points. The . telephone system uses a connection-oriented technology a telephone call establishes a connection from the originating phone through the local switching office across trunk lines to a remote switching office and finally to the destination telephone. While a connection is in place the phone equipment samples the microphone repeatedly encodes the samples digitally and transmits them across the connection to the receiver. The sender is guaranteed that the samples can be delivered and reproduced because the connection provides a guaranteed data path of 64 Kbps thousand bits per second the rate needed to send digitized voice. The advantage of connection-oriented networking lies in its guaranteed capacity once a circuit is established no other network activity will decrease the capacity of that circuit. One disadvantage of connection-oriented technology arises from cost circuit costs are fixed independent of use. For example one pays a fixed rate for a phone call even when the two parties do not talk. Connectionless networks the type often used to connect computers take an entirely different approach. In a connectionless network data to be transferred across a network is divided into small pieces called packets that are multiplexed onto high capacity intermachine connections. A packet which usually contains only a few hundred bytes of data carries identification that enables the network hardware to know how to send it to the specified destination. For example a large file to be transmitted between two .
