Tham khảo tài liệu 'an encyclopaedia of language_06', ngoại ngữ, nhật - pháp - hoa- others phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF LANGUAGE 279 Figure 27 Use ratings by 350 educated Indians for mother tongues in seven different social contexts. The vertical scale indicates ratings of relative frequency of use of mother tongue. One interesting bilingual study Rubin 1968 reports that 92 per cent of the population of Paraguay were bilingual in Guarani and Spanish with both languages having an official status. There was little sign that this bilingualism was a temporary phenomenon which would disappear as the population became monolingual in Spanish. Factors such as whether the conversation was taking place in an urban or rural setting the sex of the interlocutors their social orientation to each other and the topic of conversation all influenced language choice in much the same way as they would be likely to influence stylistic choice in a monolingual community. These social and contextual factors are presented in Figure 26 in the form of a tree diagram which lays out decision on the appropriate code as a set of ordered binary choices. There have been a great many large-scale surveys of language use in bilingual and multilingual communities which are typically concerned with who speaks what language to whom and when and to what end . Figure 27 for example presents information gathered by Parasher 1980 from 350 speakers in two Indian cities on their language use in a number of different domains or sets of similar situations . The methods used by Parasher and others who have carried out similar studies of language use in bi- or multilingual communities are discussed in detail by Fasold 1984 chapter 7 . A number of these studies have focused in a more detailed way than have those of Rubin or Parasher on the circumstances in which speakers shift between different elements in their repertoire. For example Denison 1972 reported his observations made in 1960 in the village of Sauris in the Italian Alps of how speakers switched between Italian Friulian and German. The main factors .
