Tham khảo tài liệu 'evaluating fact 5', ngoại ngữ, anh ngữ phổ thông phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | --------------------------------- INDUCTIVE On the other hand what if you have been studying and getting good grades and there is a test coming up You are busy with other things and don t study for it. You get a D on the test. The argument goes like this Every time I have a test coming up I study for it and get good grades. This time I didn t study and I got a D. If you don t want to get more Ds in the future you will want to know what caused the bad grade preventing the unwanted result by preventing the cause. What is the key difference in the argument Studying. In this case the key difference means if you don t want bad grades you must study. Remember that in order to determine cause an argument must be formed that looks for a key difference between two otherwise similar events. Here is another example You had a stomachache on Thursday and you are trying to figure out why. Every morning for breakfast you eat bran cereal with skim milk and a banana. But Thursday you were out of milk and had toast for breakfast instead. By midmorning you had a painful stomachache. You picked up milk on the way home from work and had your usual breakfast on Friday. The stomachache did not occur on Friday. Nothing else in your routine was out of the ordinary. What caused the stomachache Chances are it was the toast you ate for breakfast. It is the key difference. Every morning when you eat your regular breakfast you feel fine. On the one morning when you ate toast instead you got a stomachache. Every example is REASONING --------------------------------------- not this easy however. Sometimes the key difference is difficult to spot and requires an inference based on the information presented in the argument. Real-life situations can get complicated. Our lives and the world around us are affected by thousands of details making the finding of one key difference difficult. That said if there is a strong likelihood of causation and there are no other obvious causes you can make a .
