là thanh đo liên tục đối với hàng hóa của tất cả các thời gian và địa điểm. Ngược lại, trong lý thuyết giá trị Mises, quan niệm giá trị như một mối quan hệ ba bên, không có mẫu số chung. "Giá trị" của một tốt là được ưa thích hay không đang được ưa thích đối | SAVING THE X INDUSTRY 4 These results are virtually inherent in fact in the very arguments put forward to subsidize the X industry. The X industry is shrinking or dying by the contention of its friends. Why it may be asked should it be kept alive by artificial respiration The idea that an expanding economy implies that all industries must be simultaneously expanding is a profound error. In order that new industries may grow fast enough it is necessary that some old industries should be allowed to shrink or die. They must do this in order to release the necessary capital and labor for the new industries. If we had tried to keep the horse-and-buggy trade artificially alive we should have slowed down the growth of the automobile industry and all the trades dependent on it. We should have lowered the production of wealth and retarded economic and scientific progress. We do the same thing however when we try to prevent any industry from dying in order to protect the labor already trained or the capital already invested in it. Paradoxical as it may seem to some it is just as necessary to the health of a dynamic economy that dying industries be allowed to die as that growing industries be allowed to grow. The first process is essential to the second. It is as foolish to try to preserve obsolescent industries as to try to preserve obsolescent methods of production this is often in fact merely two ways of describing the same thing. Improved methods of production must constantly supplant obsolete methods if both old needs and new wants are to be filled by better commodities and better means. 91 Chapter Fifteen HOW THE PRICE SYSTEM WORKS The whole argument of this book may be summed up in the statement that in studying the effects of any given economic proposal we must trace not merely the immediate results but the results in the long run not merely the primary consequences but the secondary consequences and not merely the effects on some special group but the effects on .
