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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING - ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING - ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING - WATER: PROPERTIES, STRUCTURE, AND OCCURRENCE IN NATURE

CÁC CHU TRÌNH CỦA NƯỚC Chu trình thủy học và năng lượng mặt trời Các trạng thái cân bằng năng động hay trạng thái ổn định hiện có giữa bốc hơi, mưa, thấm, và dòng chảy bao gồm chu trình thủy học. Ngoại trừ số lượng nhỏ năng lượng bức xạ và truyền nhiệt từ bên trong trái đất, mặt trời cung cấp năng lượng để chạy chu trình phức tạp bằng cách bay hơi nước bề mặt và sưởi ấm không khí ẩm ướt, sau đó kết quả đầy xúc động của các hệ thống thời tiết. Bốn phần năm năng. | WATER PROPERTIES STRUCTURE AND OCCURRENCE IN NATURE THE CYCLE OF WATER The Origin of the Hydrosphere The assumption that the elemental composition originally present in all regions of the solar system was similar to that currently present in the sun furnishes a paradox in the marked deficiency of the unreactive noble gases such as neon and argon on the planet earth. Thus it is assumed that these gases as well as those of comparable molecular weight such as water nitrogen oxygen and carbon dioxide escaped from the earth s surface before the planet cooled down. Thus the accumulation of the water necessary to form the hydrosphere by condensation of any primordial envelope of steam is inconsistent with the conditions of the primitive earth. Rather degassing after the formation of the earth is considered to be the mechanism through which the excess volatiles of water nitrogen chlorine and so on accumulated on the earth s surface. According to Rubey if only 1 of the water emerging from hot springs and related phenomena is truly juvenile water then this process would have been sufficient to produce the oceans and hence the hydrosphere. The Hydrologic Cycle and Solar Energy The dynamic equilibrium or steady state existing between evaporation precipitation percolation and runoff comprises the hydrologic cycle. Except for the small amount of radioactive energy and heat transfer from within the earth the sun provides the energy to run this complex cycle by evaporating surface water and heating the humid air which then results in stirring of the weather systems. Four-fifths of the solar energy radiating toward the earth actually reaches the earth s surface. This incoming energy totals 1.6 X 1018 watts about one-third of which recharges the hydrologic cycle by vaporization. Under normal conditions it requires about 540 calories per gram to evaporate water. Evaporation Of the 3.61 X 1020 grams per year evaporated from the sea approximately 90 is returned directly to the ocean in