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PREDICTIVE TOXICOLOGY - CHAPTER 5

Một cách tiếp cận để dự đoán các độc tố của hợp chất mới là áp dụng kiến thức chuyên môn. Các lĩnh vực trí tuệ nhân tạo đã xác định được một số cách để làm điều này, và một số các phương pháp này một thời gian ngắn được mô tả trong chương này. Chúng tôi cũng kiểm tra hai chuyên gia hệ thống Derek, mà dự đoán một loạt các loại chất độc, và ngôi sao, dự đoán gây ung thư trong một số chi tiết. lý do sao về gây ung thư bằng cách sử dụng. | 5 The Use of Expert Systems for Toxicology Risk Prediction SIMON PARSONS Department of Computer and Information Science Brooklyn College City University of New York Brooklyn New York U.S.A. PETER McBURNEY Department of Computer Science University of Liverpool Liverpool U.K. OVERVIEW One approach to predicting the toxicology of novel compounds is to apply expert knowledge. The field of artificial intelligence has identified a number of ways of doing this and some of these approaches are briefly described in this chapter. We also examine two expert systems DEREK which predicts a variety of types of toxicology and stAR which predicts carcinogenicity in some detail. stAR reasons about carcinogenicity using a system of argumentation. We believe that argumentation systems have great potential in this area and so discuss them at length. 135 2005 by Taylor Francis Group LLC 136 Parsons and McBurney 1. INTRODUCTION One way to build a computer system to solve a problem is to replicate the way that a human would deal with the problem. For some tasks this is not a good solution. We would not write a program to do arithmetic by the same symbolic manipulation that humans carry out it just would not be efficienta and the same is true of any problem for which there are clear algorithmic solutions. However for some problems the best we can do is to try to replicate the way that humans solve the problems. Problems such as diagnosing an illness identifying chemical compounds from the output of a mass spectrometer and deciding how to configure a computer are all tasks where copying what humans do seems to be the best we can do and the same may be true of predicting the toxicology of novel compounds. Now all the tasks mentioned above have at least one thing in common. These are all tasks that humans can only complete once they have completed a significant amount of training and have gained a good deal of experience. They are tasks that can only be completed by human experts. When we .