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HANDBOOK OF SCALING METHODS IN AQUATIC ECOLOGY MEASUREMENT, ANALYSIS, SIMULATION - PART 8

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Nhiều nghiên cứu quan sát đã chỉ ra rằng sinh vật phù du hoạt động như một sinh vật "thông minh" theo ý nghĩa họ đối phó với môi trường của họ. Sinh vật phù du di chuyển cách tự động để thích ứng với những thay đổi khác nhau trong môi trường của họ, chẳng hạn như nhiệt độ, chất dinh dưỡng, và bất ổn. Họ thay đổi hành vi hoặc hành vi của họ mô hình phản ứng với sự thay đổi môi trường, nhưng chuyển đổi hành vi như vậy là không được mô tả bằng cách đơn giản mối quan. | 35 Modeling Planktonic Behavior as a Complex Adaptive System Atsuko K. Yamazaki and Daniel Kamykowski CONTENTS 35.1 Introduction.543 35.2 Copepod Model.544 35.3 Dinoflagellate Model.545 35.3.1 Decision-Making Mechanism.547 35.3.2 Simulation.549 35.3.2.1 With Different External Nitrate Conditions.550 35.3.2.2 With Different Threshold Settings. 553 35.4 Discussion. 554 References.556 35.1 Introduction Many observational studies have shown that plankton act as intelligent organisms in the sense that they cope with their environment. Plankton move autonomously to accommodate various changes in their environment such as temperature nutrients and turbulence. They alter their behavior or behavior patterns in response to environmental variation but such behavior switching is not described by simple linear relationships with a few environmental factors. Dinoflagellates for example often are described as phytoplankton which exhibit a regular diel migration pattern characterized by near-surface aggregations during daylight hours. On the other hand many observational studies have shown that the diel migration can be irregular in response to changes in the physical chemical environment Kamykowski 1981 Cullen and Horrigan 1981 . Laboratory observations on zooplankton have pointed out relations between small-scale turbulence and changes in their behavior Castello et al. 1990 Saiz et al. 1992 . Strickler 1985 has shown that copepods choose paths according to their environment in his microscopic observational studies. These observational results documenting behavioral responses to environmental factors led us to model plankton behavior as adaptive to the physical chemical environment. Many models have adapted stochastic or mathematical methods to describe relationships between plankton and their surroundings. These modeling techniques tend to treat an organism as a passive element and deal solely with the nonadaptive aspect of plankton behavior. However plankton behavior in reality