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BIOGEOCHEMICAL, HEALTH, AND ECOTOXICOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GOLD AND GOLD MINING - CHAPTER 13

Thủy ngân mối nguy hiểm từ khai thác mỏ vàng cho con người, thực vật và động vật Thủy ngân không có chức năng mang lại lợi ích sinh học, và sự hiện diện của nó trong các sinh vật sống có liên quan với ung thư, dị tật bẩm sinh, và kết quả không mong muốn khác (Eisler 2000). Việc sử dụng thủy ngân lỏng (Hg0) riêng biệt microgold (Au0) hạt từ trầm tích thông qua hình thành các hỗn hợp (Au-Hg) sau đó phục hồi và tái sử dụng thủy ngân là một kỹ thuật mà đã có hiệu. | CHAPTER 13 Mercury Hazards from Gold Mining for Humans Plants and Animals Mercury has no beneficial biological function and its presence in living organisms is associated with cancer birth defects and other undesirable outcomes Eisler 2000 . The use of liquid mercury Hg0 to separate microgold Au0 particles from sediments through formation of amalgam Au-Hg with subsequent recovery and reuse of mercury is a technique that has been in force for at least 4700 years Lacerda 1997a however this process is usually accompanied by massive mercury contamination of the biosphere Petralia 1996 . It is estimated that gold mining currently accounts for about 10 of the global mercury emissions from human activities Lacerda 1997a . This chapter documents the history of mercury in gold production ecotoxico-logical aspects of the amalgamation process in various geographic regions with emphasis on Brazil and North America lethal and sublethal effects of mercury and its compounds to plants and animals and proposed mercury criteria to protect sensitive natural resources and human health. 13.1 HISTORY OF MERCURY IN GOLD MINING The use of mercury in the mining industry to amalgamate and concentrate precious metals dates from about 2700 BCE when the Phoenicians and Carthaginians used it in Spain. The technology became widespread by the Romans in 50 CE and is similar to that employed today Lacerda 1997a Rojas et al. 2001 Eisler 2004 . In 177 CE the Romans banned elemental mercury use for gold recovery in mainland Italy possibly in response to health problems caused by this activity de Lacerda and Salomons 1998 . Gold extraction using mercury was widespread until the end of the first millennium Meech et al. 1998 . In the Americas mercury was introduced in the 16th century to amalgamate Mexican gold and silver. In 1849 during the California gold rush mercury was widely used and mercury poisoning was allegedly common among miners Meech 251 252 PERSPECTIVES ON GOLD AND GOLD MINING et al. 1998 .