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EXPOSURE ANALYSIS -CHAPTER 6

Không đầy đủ quá trình đốt cháy nhiên liệu cácbon (tức là, nhiên liệu với các nguyên tử carbon) có thể sản xuất đáng kể số lượng khí carbon monoxide (CO). Tiếp xúc với CO xảy ra trong một loạt các hoạt động hàng ngày như đi du lịch bằng xe cơ giới giao thông hoặc nấu thức ăn trên một quạt thông gió không khí phạm vi. May mắn thay, giảm tiếp xúc với CO là một trong những ". câu chuyện thành công lớn nhất trong kiểm soát ô nhiễm không khí ", theo một báo cáo được công bố bởi. | 6 Exposure to Carbon Monoxide Peter G. Flachsbart University of Hawai i at Manoa CONTENTS 6.1 Synopsis.113 6.2 Introduction.114 6.3 Sources of Carbon Monoxide.115 6.4 Health Effects of Carbon Monoxide.116 6.5 Early Studies of CO Exposure.117 6.5.1 Surveys of Exposure while Driving in Traffic.117 6.5.2 Surveys of CO Concentrations on Streets and Sidewalks.118 6.6 The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970.119 6.7 Limitations of Fixed-Site Monitors.120 6.8 Estimates of Nationwide Population Exposure.121 6.9 Estimating Total CO Exposure.122 6.10 Field Surveys of Commercial Microenvironments.123 6.11 Direct and Indirect Approaches to Measure Exposure.125 6.11.1 Studies Using the Direct Approach.126 6.11.2 A Study Using the Indirect Approach.129 6.12 Occupational Exposures.130 6.13 Residential Exposures.130 6.14 Recreational Exposures.130 6.15 Population Exposure Models.131 6.16 Activity Patterns.132 6.17 Public Policies Affecting Exposure to Vehicle Emissions.133 6.17.1 Effects of Motor Vehicle Emission Standards on Unintentional Deaths Attributed to Exposure .134 6.17.2 Effects of Transportation Investments on Commuter Exposure.134 6.17.3 Effects of Motor Vehicle Emission Standards on Commuter Exposure.136 6.18 The El Camino Real Commuter Exposure Surveys.136 6.19 International Comparisons of Commuter Exposure.138 6.20 Conclusions.139 6.21 Acknowledgments.140 6.22 Questions for Review.141 References.141 6.1 SYNOPSIS Incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuels i.e. fuels with carbon atoms can produce significant quantities of carbon monoxide CO . Exposure to CO occurs during a variety of daily 113 2007 by Taylor Francis Group LLC 114 Exposure Analysis activities such as traveling by motor vehicle in traffic or cooking food over an unvented gas range. Fortunately reducing CO exposures has been one of the . greatest success stories in air-pollution control according to a report published by the National Research Council in 2003. Much of that success is due to the adoption in .