Đang chuẩn bị liên kết để tải về tài liệu:
Ebook: Assessing the Hazard of Metals and Inorganic Metal Substances in Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems - Chapter 6 (end)

Đất là bồn lớn cho kim loại trong môi trường. Các tuyến đường chính của đầu vào kim loại đất được tích tụ trong khí quyển, ứng dụng phân chuồng và phân bón vô cơ, và trong khu vực địa phương, khai thác mỏ và Smelting hoạt động, bổ sung của bùn thải, và lắng đọng phù sa. | 6 Hazard Assessment of Inorganic Metals and Metal Substances in Terrestrial Systems Erik Smolders Steve McGrath Anne Fairbrother Beverley A. Hale Enzo Lombi Michael McLaughlin Michiel Rutgers and Leana Van der Vliet 6.1 FOREWORD The primary focus of this SETAC Pellston Workshop was the aquatic environment. Although the terrestrial environment received consideration with regard to the unit world model UWM Chapter 3 and is discussed in this chapter this discussion is not intended to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the art for hazard assessment of metals in terrestrial systems. 6.2 INTRODUCTION Soils are important sinks for metals in the environment. The major routes of metal input to soils are atmospheric deposition application of animal manures and inorganic fertilizers and in localized areas mining and smelting activities addition of sewage sludge and alluvial deposition. Over the short term metals generally have a greater level of adverse effects on biota in aquatic systems than in terrestrial systems because in terrestrial systems metals are rapidly bound to soil solids particles Chapman et al. 2003 Section 6.3.3 this volume . Because metals are less mobile in soils than in aquatic systems adverse effects in terrestrial systems may only be observed after much longer periods of exposure. Effectively this means that any hazard assessment scheme for metals should include terrestrial systems when longterm ecosystem sustainability is considered. 113 2007 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry SETAC 114 Assessing the Hazard of Metals and Inorganic Metal Substances 6.3 PERSISTENCE OF METALS IN SOIL 6.3.1 Residence Time of Metals in Soil Metals persist in soil due to their high affinity for soil solid phases Allen 2002 . Critical factors affecting the mass balance of metals in soils are the anthropogenic and natural inputs and the outputs via leaching to groundwater and removal through surface erosion and crop harvesting. The .