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Kỹ thuật lập trình_Module12

Tham khảo tài liệu 'kỹ thuật lập trình_module12', công nghệ thông tin, kỹ thuật lập trình phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Module12 Exceptions Templates and Other Advanced Topics Table of Contents CRITICAL SKILL 12.1 Exception Handling.2 CRITICAL SKILL 12.2 Generic Functions.14 CRITICAL SKILL 12.3 Generic Classes.19 CRITICAL SKILL 12.4 Dynamic Allocation.26 CRITICAL SKILL 12.5 Namespaces.35 CRITICAL SKILL 12.6 static Class Members.42 CRITICAL SKILL 12.7 Runtime Type Identification RTTI .46 CRITICAL SKILL 12.8 The Casting Operators.49 You have come a long way since the start of this book. In this the final module you will examine several important advanced C topics including exception handling templates dynamic allocation and namespaces. Runtime type ID and the casting operators are also covered. Keep in mind that C is a large sophisticated professional programming language and it is not possible to cover every advanced feature specialized technique or programming nuance in this beginner s guide. When you finish this module however you will have mastered the core elements of the language and will be able to begin writing real-world programs. 1 C A Beginner s Guide by Herbert Schildt CRITICAL SKILL 12.1 Exception Handling An exception is an error that occurs at runtime. Using C s exception handling subsystem you can in a structured and controlled manner handle runtime errors. When exception handling is employed your program automatically invokes an error-handling routine when an exception occurs. The principal advantage of exception handling is that it automates much of the error-handling code that previously had to be entered by hand into any large program. Exception Handling Fundamentals C exception handling is built upon three keywords try catch and throw. In the most general terms program statements that you want to monitor for exceptions are contained in a try block. If an exception that is an error occurs within the try block it is thrown using throw . The exception is caught using catch and processed. The following discussion elaborates upon this general description. Code that you