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Black Liquor Gasification-Based Biorefineries – Determining Factors for Economic Performance and CO2 Emission Balances

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The industry is still improving technologically. It is far more mature than in 1993, and new developments appear poised to bring costs down further and to reduce the environmental impact of producing ethanol. In this report, we examine various production technologies, beginning with input improve- ments and then discussing process improvements, environmental technolo- gies, and technologies involving coproducts. Finally, we look at niche markets and briefly examine cellulosic conversion.