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Lecture Biology: Chapter 20 - Niel Campbell, Jane Reece

Chapter 20 introduce to biotechnology. After completing this chapter, students will be able to: Describe the natural function of restriction enzymes and explain how they are used in recombinant DNA technology; outline the procedures for cloning a eukaryotic gene in a bacterial plasmid; define and distinguish between genomic libraries using plasmids, phages, and cDNA; describe the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and explain the advantages and limitations of this procedure;. | Chapter 20 Biotechnology Overview: The DNA Toolbox Sequencing of the human genome was completed by 2007. DNA sequencing has depended on advances in technology, starting with making recombinant DNA. In recombinant DNA, nucleotide sequences from two different sources, often two species, are combined in vitro into the same DNA molecule. Methods for making recombinant DNA are central to genetic engineering, the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes. DNA technology has revolutionized biotechnology, the manipulation of organisms or their genetic components to make useful products. An example of DNA technology is the microarray, a measurement of gene expression of thousands of different genes. Microarray Figure 20.1 How can this array of spots be used to compare normal and cancerous tissues? DNA Cloning and Its Applications: A Preview Most methods for cloning pieces of DNA in the laboratory share general features, such as the use of bacteria and their plasmids. Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome. Cloned genes are useful for making copies of a particular gene and producing a protein product. Recombinant DNA Plasmid & Gene Cloning DNA of chromosome Cell containing gene of interest Gene inserted into plasmid Plasmid put into bacterial cell Recombinant DNA (plasmid) Recombinant bacterium Bacterial chromosome Bacterium Gene of interest Host cell grown in culture to form a clone of cells containing the “cloned” gene of interest Plasmid Gene of Interest Protein expressed by gene of interest Basic research and various applications Copies of gene Protein harvested Basic research on gene Basic research on protein Gene for pest resistance inserted into plants Gene used to alter bacteria for cleaning up toxic waste Protein dissolves blood clots in heart attack therapy Human growth hor- mone treats stunted growth 2 4 1 3 Figure 20.2 A preview of gene cloning and some uses of cloned genes Using . | Chapter 20 Biotechnology Overview: The DNA Toolbox Sequencing of the human genome was completed by 2007. DNA sequencing has depended on advances in technology, starting with making recombinant DNA. In recombinant DNA, nucleotide sequences from two different sources, often two species, are combined in vitro into the same DNA molecule. Methods for making recombinant DNA are central to genetic engineering, the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes. DNA technology has revolutionized biotechnology, the manipulation of organisms or their genetic components to make useful products. An example of DNA technology is the microarray, a measurement of gene expression of thousands of different genes. Microarray Figure 20.1 How can this array of spots be used to compare normal and cancerous tissues? DNA Cloning and Its Applications: A Preview Most methods for cloning pieces of DNA in the laboratory share general features, such as the use of bacteria and their plasmids. Plasmids are .