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Lecture Biology: Chapter 41 - Niel Campbell, Jane Reece

Chapter 41 introduce to animal nutrition. After studying this chapter you will be able to: Name the three nutritional needs that must be met by an animal’s diet; describe the four classes of essential nutrients; distinguish among undernourishment, overnourishment, and malnourishment; describe the four main stages of food processing;. | Chapter 41 Animal Nutrition Overview: The Need to Feed Food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up in the process of animal nutrition. In general, animals fall into three categories: Herbivores eat mainly autotrophs (plants and algae). Carnivores eat other animals. Omnivores regularly consume animals as well as plants or algal matter. An animal’s diet must supply chemical energy, organic molecules, and essential nutrients An animal’s diet provides chemical energy, which is converted into ATP and powers processes in the body. Animals need a source of organic carbon and organic nitrogen in order to construct organic molecules. Essential nutrients are required by cells and must be obtained from dietary sources. Essential Nutrients There are four classes of essential nutrients: Essential amino acids Essential fatty acids Vitamins Minerals Essential Amino Acids Animals require 20 amino acids and can synthesize about half from molecules in their diet. The remaining amino acids, the essential amino acids must be obtained from food in preassembled form. A diet that provides insufficient essential amino acids causes malnutrition called protein deficiency. Meat, eggs, and cheese provide all the essential amino acids and are thus “complete” proteins. Most plant proteins are incomplete in amino acid makeup. Individuals who eat only plant proteins need to eat specific plant combinations to get all essential amino acids. Some animals have adaptations that help them through periods when their bodies demand extraordinary amounts of protein. Essential amino acids from a vegetarian diet Beans and other legumes Corn (maize) and other grains Lysine 8 Essential amino acids for adults Tryptophan Isoleucine Leucine Phenylalanine Threonine Valine Methionine Figure 41.2 Essential amino acids from a vegetarian diet Essential Fatty Acids Animals can synthesize most of the fatty acids they need. The essential fatty acids are certain unsaturated fatty acids that must be obtained from the . | Chapter 41 Animal Nutrition Overview: The Need to Feed Food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up in the process of animal nutrition. In general, animals fall into three categories: Herbivores eat mainly autotrophs (plants and algae). Carnivores eat other animals. Omnivores regularly consume animals as well as plants or algal matter. An animal’s diet must supply chemical energy, organic molecules, and essential nutrients An animal’s diet provides chemical energy, which is converted into ATP and powers processes in the body. Animals need a source of organic carbon and organic nitrogen in order to construct organic molecules. Essential nutrients are required by cells and must be obtained from dietary sources. Essential Nutrients There are four classes of essential nutrients: Essential amino acids Essential fatty acids Vitamins Minerals Essential Amino Acids Animals require 20 amino acids and can synthesize about half from molecules in their diet. The remaining amino acids, the .