Đang chuẩn bị liên kết để tải về tài liệu:
Lecture Modern project management: Chapter 8 - Norman R. Howes

For those who have diligently worked through the earlier planning processes chapters, you are nearly ready to launch your project. This chapter completes the final two planning tasks that become the master plan for your project - resource and cost scheduling. | Reducing Project Duration Chapter 9 Rationale for Reducing Project Duration Time Is Money: Cost-Time Tradeoffs Reducing the time of a critical activity usually incurs additional direct costs. Cost-time solutions focus on reducing (crashing) activities on the critical path to shorten overall duration of the project. Reasons for imposed project duration dates: Customer requirements and contract commitments Time-to-market pressures Incentive contracts (bonuses for early completion) Unforeseen delays Overhead and goodwill costs Pressure to move resources to other projects Options for Accelerating Project Completion Adding Resources Outsourcing Project Work Scheduling Overtime Establishing a Core Project Team Do It Twice—Fast and Correctly Fast-Tracking Critical-Chain Reducing Project Scope Compromise Quality Explanation of Project Costs Project Indirect Costs Costs that cannot be associated with any particular work package or project activity Supervision, administration, consultants, and interest Costs that vary (increase) with time Reducing project time directly reduces indirect costs. Direct Costs Normal costs that can be assigned directly to a specific work package or project activity Labor, materials, equipment, and subcontractors Crashing activities increases direct costs Reducing Project Duration to Reduce Project Cost Identifying direct costs to reduce project time Compute total costs for specific durations and compare to benefits of reducing project time. Search critical activities for lowest direct-cost activities to shorten project duration. Gather information about direct and indirect costs of specific project durations. Project Cost—Duration Graph FIGURE 9.1 Constructing a Project Cost—Duration Graph Find total direct costs for selected project durations. Find total indirect costs for selected project durations. Sum direct and indirect costs for these selected project durations. Compare additional cost alternatives for benefits. Constructing a Project Cost—Duration Graph Determining Activities to Shorten Shorten the activities with the smallest increase in cost per unit of time. Assumptions: The cost relationship is linear. Normal time assumes low-cost, efficient methods to complete the activity. Crash time represents a limit—the greatest time reduction possible under realistic conditions. Slope represents a constant cost per unit of time. All accelerations must occur within the normal and crash times. Activity Graph FIGURE 9.2 Cost—Duration Trade-off Example FIGURE 9.3 Cost—Duration Trade-off Example (cont’d) FIGURE 9.3 (cont’d) Cost—Duration Trade-off Example (cont’d) FIGURE 9.4 Cost—Duration Trade-off Example (cont’d) FIGURE 9.4 (cont’d) Cost—Duration Trade-off Example (cont’d) FIGURE 9.4 (cont’d) Summary Costs by Duration FIGURE 9.5 Project Cost—Duration Graph FIGURE 9.6 Practical Considerations Using the project cost—duration graph Crash times Linearity assumption Choice of activities to crash revisited Time reduction decisions and sensitivity What if Cost, Not Time Is the Issue? Commonly Used Options for Cutting Costs Reduce project scope Have owner take on more responsibility Outsourcing project activities or even the entire project Brainstorming cost savings options Key Terms Crash point Crash time Direct costs Fast-tracking Indirect costs Outsourcing Project cost–duration graph