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Lecture Introduction to computing - Lecture 12

This lesson looks at the processors most commonly found in personal computers and describes some of their most important features and distinguishing characteristics. You w ill learn how these CPUs arc typically differentiated from one another and sec how their performance is measured. You also w ill learn some of the ways you can extend the power of your PC’s processor to other components by using its expansion capabilities. | CSC 101 Introduction to Computing Lecture 12 Dr. Iftikhar Azim Niaz ianiaz@comsats.edu.pk 1 1 Last Lecture Summary I Components Affecting Speed Achieving Increased Processor Speed Registers Functions and Size User accessible and other types of Registers System or Internal Clock Clock speed and clock rate Underclocking Overclocking Last Lecture Summary II Cache memory Function operation Type: Instruction, data and TLB Multi Level Cache, L1, L2 and L3 Intel Cache Evolution Memory Hierarchy Bus Bus width and speed Bus Interconnection Scheme Data, address and control bus A Look Inside The Processor Architecture Determines Location of CPU parts Bit size Number of registers Pipelines Best Known families of CPU RISC and CISC Parallel Processing 4 4 Teaching tip Bit size tends to confuse students. A simple example clarifies the importance of bit size. Consider two equal computers, one has a 32-bit processor, the other a 64 bit processor. With all other items equal, the 64-bit processor will handle twice the data the 32 bit processor handles. This is like driving a car at 55 Mph then doubling it to 110 Mph. Intel Processors Leading manufacturer of processors Intel 4004 was worlds first microprocessor IBM PC powered by Intel 8086 Current processors Centrino Itanium Pentium IV Xeon Core 2 Duo I3, I5, i7 5 5 x86 Evolution (1) 8080 first general purpose microprocessor 8 bit data path Used in first personal computer – Altair 8086 – 5MHz – 29,000 transistors much more powerful 16 bit instruction cache, prefetch few instructions 8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC 80286 16 Mbyte memory addressable up from 1Mb 80386 32 bit Support for multitasking 80486 sophisticated powerful cache and instruction pipelining built in maths co-processor x86 Evolution (2) Pentium Superscalar Multiple instructions executed in parallel Pentium Pro Increased superscalar organization Aggressive register renaming branch prediction data flow analysis speculative execution Pentium II MMX . | CSC 101 Introduction to Computing Lecture 12 Dr. Iftikhar Azim Niaz ianiaz@comsats.edu.pk 1 1 Last Lecture Summary I Components Affecting Speed Achieving Increased Processor Speed Registers Functions and Size User accessible and other types of Registers System or Internal Clock Clock speed and clock rate Underclocking Overclocking Last Lecture Summary II Cache memory Function operation Type: Instruction, data and TLB Multi Level Cache, L1, L2 and L3 Intel Cache Evolution Memory Hierarchy Bus Bus width and speed Bus Interconnection Scheme Data, address and control bus A Look Inside The Processor Architecture Determines Location of CPU parts Bit size Number of registers Pipelines Best Known families of CPU RISC and CISC Parallel Processing 4 4 Teaching tip Bit size tends to confuse students. A simple example clarifies the importance of bit size. Consider two equal computers, one has a 32-bit processor, the other a 64 bit processor. With all other items equal, the 64-bit processor .