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Pricing communication networks P5

Kinh tế là có liên quan với việc sản xuất, mua bán hàng hoá có nguồn cung hạn chế, và với cách mua và người bán tại các thị trường tương tác cho họ. Điều này và chương sau đây cung cấp một hướng dẫn trong các khái niệm kinh tế và các mô hình có liên quan đến giá cả dịch vụ truyền thông. Nó điều tra làm thế nào giá cả phụ thuộc vào các giả định rằng chúng tôi làm về thị trường. Ví dụ, chúng tôi có thể giả định rằng chỉ có một nhà cung. | Pricing Communication Networks Economics Technology and Modelling. Costas Courcoubetis and Richard Weber Copyright 2003 John Wiley Sons Ltd. ISBN 0-470-85130-9 Part B Economics Pricing Communication Networks Economics Technology and Modelling. Costas Courcoubetis and Richard Weber Copyright 2003 John Wiley Sons Ltd. ISBN 0-470-85130-9 5 Basic Concepts Economics is concerned with the production sale and purchase of commodities that are in limited supply and with how buyers and sellers interact in markets for them. This and the following chapter provide a tutorial in the economic concepts and models that are relevant to pricing communications services. It investigates how pricing depends on the assumptions that we make about the market. For example we might assume that there is only one sole supplier. In formulating and analysing a number of models we see that prices depend on the nature of competition and regulation and whether they are driven by competition the profit-maximizing aim of a monopoly supplier or the social welfare maximizing aim of a regulator. Section 5.1 sets out some basic definitions and describes some factors that affect pricing. It defines types of markets and describes three different rationales that can provide guidance in setting prices. Section 5.2 considers the problem of a consumer who faces prices for a range of services. The key observation is that the consumer will purchase a service up to an amount where his marginal utility equals the price. Section 5.3 defines the problem of supplier whose aim is to maximize his profit. Section 5.4 concerns the problem that is natural for a social planner that of maximizing the total welfare of all participants in the market. We relate this to some important notions of market equilibrium and efficiency noting that problems can arise if there is market failure due to externalities. Unfortunately social welfare is achieved by setting prices equal to marginal cost. Since the marginal costs of network .