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C Programming language

The computing world has undergone a revolution since the publication of The C Programming Language in 1978. Big computers are much bigger, and personal computers have capabilities that rival mainframes of a decade ago. During this time, C has changed too, although only modestly, and it has spread far beyond its origins as the language of the UNIX operating system. | 1 SECOND EDITION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE BRIAN W KERNK3HAN DENNIS M. RITCHIE FFFNTKIF FALL SKJ WV L SÉMB 2 Preface.6 Preface to the first edition.8 Chapter 1 - A Tutorial Introduction.9 1.1 Getting Started.9 1.2 Variables and Arithmetic Expressions.11 1.3 The for statement.16 1.4 Symbolic Constants.17 1.5 Character Input and Output.18 1.5.1 File Copying.18 1.5.2 Character Counting.20 1.5.3 Line Counting.21 1.5.4 Word Counting.22 1.6 Arrays . 23 1.7 Functions.25 1.8 Arguments - Call by Value.28 1.9 Character Arrays.29 1.10 External Variables and Scope.31 Chapter 2 - Types Operators and Expressions.35 2.1 Variable Names.35 2.2 Data Types and Sizes.35 2.3 Constants.36 2.4 Declarations.39 2.5 Arithmetic Operators.40 2.6 Relational and Logical Operators.40 2.7 Type Conversions.41 2.8 Increment and Decrement Operators.44 2.9 Bitwise Operators.46 2.10 Assignment Operators and Expressions.47 2.11 Conditional Expressions.49 2.12 Precedence and Order of Evaluation.49 Chapter 3 - Control Flow.52 3.1 Statements and Blocks.52 3.2 If-Else.52 3.3 Else-If. 53 3.4 Switch.54 3.5 Loops - While and For.56 3.6 Loops - Do-While.58 3.7 Break and Continue.59 3.8 Goto and labels.60 Chapter 4 - Functions and Program Structure.62 4.1 Basics of Functions.62 4.2 Functions Returning Non-integers.65 4.3 External Variables.67 4.4 Scope Rules.72 4.5 Header Files.73 4.6 Static Variables.75 4.7 Register Variables.75 4.8 Block Structure.76 4.9 Initialization.76 4.10 Recursion.78 4.11 The C Preprocessor.79 3 4.11.1 File Inclusion.79 4.11.2 Macro Substitution.80 4.11.3 Conditional Inclusion.82 Chapter 5 - Pointers and Arrays.83 5.1 Pointers and Addresses.83 5.2 Pointers and Function Arguments.84 5.3 Pointers and Arrays.87 5.4 Address Arithmetic.90 5.5 Character Pointers and Functions.93 5.6 Pointer Arrays Pointers to Pointers.96 5.7 Multi-dimensional Arrays.99 5.8 Initialization of Pointer Arrays.101 5.9 Pointers vs. Multi-dimensional Arrays.101 5.10 Command-line Arguments.102 5.11 Pointers to .