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The 80x86 IBM PC and Compatible Computers- P2

The 80x86 IBM PC and Compatible Computers- P2: Praised by experts for its clarity and topical breadth, this visually appealing, one-stop source on PCs uses an easy-to-understand, step-by-step approach to teaching the fundamentals of 80x86 assembly language programming and PC architecture. Offering users a fun, hands-on learning experience, it uses the Debug utility to show what action the instruction performs, then provides a sample program to show its application. | SUMMARY The binary number system represents all numbers with a combination of the two binary digits 0 and 1. The use of binary systems is necessary in digital computers because only two states can be represented on or off. Any binary number can be coded directly into its hexadecimal equivalent for the convenience of humans. Converting from binary hex to decimal and vice versa is a straightforward process that becomes easy with practice. The ASCII code is a binary code used to represent alphanumeric data internally in the computer. It is frequently used in peripheral devices for input and or output. The major components of any computer system are the CPU memory and I O devices. Memory refers to temporary or permanent storage of data. In most systems memory can be accessed as bytes or words. The terms kilobyte megabyte gigabyte and terabyte are used to refer to large numbers of bytes. There are two main types of memory in computer systems RAM and ROM. RAM random access memory is used for temporary storage of programs and data. ROM read-only memory is used for permanent storage of programs and data that the computer system must have in order to function. All components of the computer system are under the control of the CPU. Peripheral devices such as I O input output devices allow the CPU to communicate with humans or other computer systems. There are three types of buses in computers address control and data. Control buses are used by the CPU to direct other devices. The address bus is used by the CPU to locate a device or a memory location. Data buses are used to send information back and forth between the CPU and other devices. As changes in technology were incorporated into the design of computers their cost and size were reduced dramatically. The earliest computers were as large as an average home and were available only to a select group of scientists. The invention of transistors and subsequent advances in their design have made the computer commonly .