Đang chuẩn bị liên kết để tải về tài liệu:
An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 54

An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 54. This one of a kind encyclopedia presents the entire field of technology from rudimentary agricultural tools to communication satellites in this first of its kind reference source. Following an introduction that discusses basic tools, devices, and mechanisms, the chapters are grouped into five parts that provide detailed information on materials, power and engineering, transportation, communication and calculation, and technology and society, revealing how different technologies have together evolved to produce enormous changes in the course of history | PART THREE TRANSPORT New York but by a more southerly route was the Morris Canal running from Easton on the Delaware to Newark. Conceived in 1824 it was opened in 1832 and then extended toJersey City in 1836. It was remarkable for having 23 inclined planes water-powered by turbines over which boats were carried dry in cradles running on rails. The Morris Canaljoined the Lehigh Canal at Easton and in order to pass boats from one canal to the other the Morris was widened following financial reorganization in 1845. With railroad competition it gradually declined and it was closed in 1924. The Lehigh Canal had started as a river improvement. Arks were loaded with coal and taken down the river to Philadelphia where the coal was discharged and the boats broken up. There were no return trips. The rapids were passed by what was termed a bear trap lock. This was in effect an inclined plane or water chute down which the boats were launched in a flash of water. The slope was eased off at the bottom to prevent the boats hitting the water too violently and breaking up. The Lehigh Canal was opened in 1823. It was reconstructed in a conventional manner in 1829 and after a very successful period gradually closed down owing to damage from floods until it finally ceased operation in 1942. The growing industrial importance of Philadelphia and its relationship with Pittsburgh and the Ohio required improved transport and so in 1825 a canal was authorized between the two cities. The problem was the 600m 2000ft range of the Allegheny Mountains between them and it was decided that the route would be partially rail worked. The first section planned as a horse wagonway and later converted to a locomotive-hauled railroad ran westwards from Philadelphia to Columbia. From there a canal was built along the Susquehanna valley to Hollidaysburg and what became known as the Allegheny Portage Railroad began there. This consisted of a series of five inclined planes over which the canal boats were .