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Hacker Professional Ebook part 164

Tham khảo tài liệu 'hacker professional ebook part 164', công nghệ thông tin, kỹ thuật lập trình phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | When a process is non-ergodic the measurements we take over time from one or a few sequences may not represent all the sequences which may be encountered. Extractor In a cryptographic context an extractor is a mechanism which produces the inverse effect of a combiner. This allows data to be enciphered in a combiner and then deciphered in an extractor. Sometimes an extractor is exactly the same as the combiner as is the case for exclusive-OR. Exclusive-OR A Boolean logic function which is also mod 2 addition. Also called XOR. Factorial The factorial of natural number n written n is the product of all integers from 1 to n. See the factorials section of the Ciphers By Ritter JavaScript computation pages. Fallacy In the philosophical study of logic apparently-reasonable arguments which lead to false conclusions. Also see inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. Including A. Fallacies of Insufficient Evidence 1. Accident -- a special circumstance makes a rule inapplicable 2. Hasty Generalization 3. non causa pro causa False Cause post hoc ergo propter hoc after this therefore because of this reductio ad absurdum -- the assumption that a particular one of multiple assumptions is necessarily false if the argument leads to a contradiction. 4. ad ignorantium Appeal to Ignorance -- a belief which is assumed true because it is not proven false. 5. Card Stacking -- a deliberate withholding of evidence which does not support the author s conclusions. B. Fallacies of Irrelevance ignoratio elenchi -- ignoring the question 1. ad hominem Name Calling . 2. adpopulum Plain Folks -- an appeal to the prejudices and biases of the audience. 3. ad misericordiam Appeal to Pity 4. ad verecundiam Inappropriate Authority -- a testimonial from someone with expertise in a different field. 5. tu quoque You Did It Too . 6. ad baculum Appeal to force -- e.g. threats. 7. Red Herring -- information used to throw the discussion off track. 8. Opposition Guilt by Association -- to condemn an idea .