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ntroduction. Manufacturing Processes. Casting. Casting Design. Forging. Forging Design. Me chanical Wor king of Metals. Hot Working. Hot Working Processes. Cold Working. Cold Working Processes. Interchangeability. Important Terms Used in Limit System. Fits. Types of Fits. Basis of Limit System. Indian Standard System of Limits and Fits. Calculation of Fundamental Deviation for Shafts. Calculation of Fundamental Deviation for Holes. Surface Roughness and its Measurement. Preferred Numbers. 3 3.1 Introduction Introduction In the previous chapter, we have only discussed about the composition, properties and uses of various materials used in Mechanical Engineering. We shall now discuss in this chapter a few of the manufacturing processes,. | CONTENTS c H A P T E R 3 Manufacturing Considerations in Machine Design 1. Introduction. 2. Manufacturing Processes. 3. Casting. 4. Casting Design. 5. Forging. 6. Forging Design. 7. Mechanical Working of Metals. 8. Hot Working. 9. Hot Working Processes. 10. Cold Working. 11. Cold Working Processes. 12. Interchangeability. 13. Important Terms Used in Limit System. 14. Fits. 15. Types of Fits. 16. Basis of Limit System. 17. Indian Standard System of Limits and Fits. 18. Calculation of Fundamental Deviation for Shafts. 19. Calculation of Fundamental Deviation for Holes. 20. Surface Roughness and its Measurement. 21. Preferred Numbers. 3.1 Introduction In the previous chapter we have only discussed about the composition properties and uses of various materials used in Mechanical Engineering. We shall now discuss in this chapter a few of the manufacturing processes limits and fits etc. 3.2 Manufacturing Processes The knowledge of manufacturing processes is of great importance for a design engineer. The following are the various manufacturing processes used in Mechanical Engineering. 1. Primary shaping processes. The processes used for the preliminary shaping of the machine component are known as primary shaping processes. The common operations used for this process are casting forging extruding rolling drawing bending shearing spinning powder metal forming squeezing etc. 53 CONTENTS 54 A Textbook of Machine Design 2. Machining processes. The processes used for giving final shape to the machine component according to planned dimensions are known as machining processes. The common operations used for this process are turning planning shaping drilling boring reaming sawing broaching milling grinding hobbing etc. 3. Surface finishing processes. The processes used to provide a good surface finish for the machine component are known as surface finishing processes. The common operations used for this process are polishing buffing honing lapping abrasive belt grinding barrel .