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Biochemistry, 4th Edition P2

Biochemistry, 4th Edition P2. Continuing Garrett and Grisham's innovative conceptual and organizing framework, "Essential Questions," BIOCHEMISTRY guides students through course concepts in a way that reveals the beauty and usefulness of biochemistry in the everyday world. Streamlined for increased clarity and readability, this edition also includes new photos and illustrations that show the subject matter consistently throughout the text. New end-of-chapter problems, MCAT practice questions, and the unparalleled text/media integration with the power of CengageNOW round out this exceptional package, giving you the tools you need to both master course concepts and develop critical problem-solving skills you can draw upon. | Detailed Contents vii 3 Thermodynamics of Biological Systems 48 3.1 What Are the Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics 48 The First Law The Total Energy of an Isolated System Is Conserved 48 Enthalpy Is a More Useful Function for Biological Systems 49 The Second Law Systems Tend Toward Disorder and Randomness 51 A DEEPER LOOK Entropy Information and the Importance of Negentropy 52 The Third Law Why Is Absolute Zero So Important 52 Free Energy Provides a Simple Criterion for Equilibrium 53 3.2 What Is the Effect of Concentration on Net Free Energy Changes 54 3.3 What Is the Effect of pH on Standard-State Free Energies 54 3.4 What Can Thermodynamic Parameters Tell Us About Biochemical Events 55 3.5 What Are the Characteristics of High-Energy Biomolecules 56 ATP Is an Intermediate Energy-Shuttle Molecule 57 Group Transfer Potentials Quantify the Reactivity of Functional Groups 58 The Hydrolysis of Phosphoric Acid Anhydrides Is Highly Favorable 59 The Hydrolysis AG of ATP and ADP Is Greater Than That of AMP 61 Acetyl Phosphate and 1 3-Bisphosphoglycerate Are Phosphoric-Carboxylic Anhydrides 61 Enol Phosphates Are Potent Phosphorylating Agents 63 3.6 What Are the Complex Equilibria Involved in ATP Hydrolysis 63 The AG of Hydrolysis for ATP Is pH-Dependent 64 Metal Ions Affect the Free Energy of Hydrolysis of ATP 64 Concentration Affects the Free Energy of Hydrolysis of ATP 65 3.7 Why Are Coupled Processes Important to Living Things 66 3.8 What Is the Daily Human Requirement for ATP 66 A DEEPER LOOK ATP Changes the Keq by a Factor of 108 67 SUMMARY 68 PROBLEMS 68 FURTHER READING 69 4 Amino Acids 70 4.1 What Are the Structures and Properties of Amino Acids 70 Typical Amino Acids Contain a Central Tetrahedral Carbon Atom 70 Amino Acids Can Join via Peptide Bonds 70 There Are 20 Common Amino Acids 71 Are There Other Ways to Classify Amino Acids 74 Amino Acids 21 and 22 and More 75 Several Amino Acids Occur Only Rarely in Proteins 76 4.2 What Are the Acid-Base Properties of Amino