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Electrocrystalization

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Introduction: Electrocrystallization refers to nucleation and crystal growth occurring on electrodes in electrochemical systems under the influence of an electric field. Nucleation and growth phenomena are involved in many battery systems, where the electron transfer is coupled to various phase transformations occurring during charge and/or discharge in the active electrode materials. For example, in the lead–acid battery the electrochemical reactions involve formation of different electronically conducting and insulating crystal phases (e.g., lead, lead dioxide (PbO2), lead sulphate (PbSO4), which have a decisive influence on the characteristics and operational life of the battery. . | Electrocrystalization G Staikov Institute of Solid State Research IFF-b Research Center Jülich Jülich Germany 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Introduction Electrocrystallization refers to nucleation and crystal growth occurring on electrodes in electrochemical systems under the influence of an electric field. Nucleation and growth phenomena are involved in many battery systems where the electron transfer is coupled to various phase transformations occurring during charge and or discharge in the active electrode materials. For example in the lead-acid battery the electrochemical reactions involve formation of different electronically conducting and insulating crystal phases e.g. lead lead dioxide PbO2 lead sulphate PbSO4 which have a decisive influence on the characteristics and operational life of the battery. Electrocrystallization is also a basis for technologically important electrochemical processes such as electrodeposition passivation and electrorefining. The electrodeposition has recently become of particular importance for the development of modern micro- and nanosystem technologies. A typical example is the developed electroplating technology for fabrication of submicron copper on-chip interconnects of microelectronic devices. Electrocrystallization processes are not only of technological interest but in many cases also offer excellent possibilities for investigating the fundamental aspects of nucleation and crystal growth. This is mainly because in electrochemical systems the driving force and the rate of crystallization can be measured and controlled with high accuracy by the electrode potential and the current. Typical electrochemical reactions involving phase formation and crystal growth phenomena are i cathodic electrodeposition of metals semiconductors and alloys ii anodic electrodeposition of semiconductors and iii anodic formation of insulating layers passive layers on metallic and semiconducting substrates. The overall .

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