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The Future Governance of Citizenship Part 7

Ngược lại, đày ra khỏi nước sẽ không làm theo, nếu một người được giới thiệu vào các lực lượng vũ trang của nước ngoài bị cưỡng ép. Perez v. Brownell Tòa án Tối cao Hoa Kỳ duy trì phần của Đạo luật 1940 denationalised một công dân Mỹ bỏ phiếu trong một nước ngoài election.17 điện để tách các công dân quốc tịch của họ đã được nhìn thấy dòng chảy từ quyền lực của Quốc hội để tiến hành công việc nước ngoài | 135 Anational citizenship in the international public realm draft avoidance all have traditionally been seen as acts reflecting animus manendi thereby resulting in expatriation. Conversely expatriation would not follow if one were inducted into the armed forces of a foreign country under duress. In Perez v. Brownell the US Supreme Court upheld the section of the 1940 Act that denationalised a US citizen for voting in a foreign election.17 The power to strip citizens of their nationality was seen to flow from Congress s power to conduct foreign affairs. But in Trop v. Dulles the US Supreme Court pronounced unconstitutional the imposition of expatriation as a sanction for desertion from the armed forces thereby setting limits on the government s powers of expatriation.18 Perez was eventually overruled by Afroyim v. Rusk in 1967.19 In that case the Supreme Court held that the language and purpose of the Fourteenth Amendment supported the view that it is completely incongruous to have a rule of law under which a group of citizens temporarily in office can deprive another group of citizens of their citizenship .20 Citizenship should be only voluntarily relinquished. Similarly in Vance v. Terraza 21 the court clearly stated that loss of citizenship could not occur without evidence produced by the government that an expatriating act was accompanied by intention to terminate US citizenship. Naturalisation abroad and the taking of an oath of allegiance are still presumed to be voluntary acts showing intent to abandon citizenship but voting in foreign elections or military service abroad are increasingly regarded as unreliable evidence of an intention to renounce citizenship. And in certain states an act of expatriation can only produce legal effects if the consent of the government is obtained. In the light of this discussion it is plausible to argue that a voluntary renunciation of citizenship in the manner prescribed by law would bring about the loss of anational .