Đang chuẩn bị liên kết để tải về tài liệu:
CoRRuptIon, Global SECuRIty phần 6

Không đóng trình duyệt đến khi xuất hiện nút TẢI XUỐNG Tải xuống

của Lực lượng Không quân và trưởng Lực lượng Không quân của nhân viên, làm cho rõ ràng rằng các bước tiếp theo để tăng cường an ninh hạt nhân văn hóa là cần thiết ở Hoa Kỳ như well.74 Tìm cách để thay đổi nền văn hóa ăn sâu ở một phạm vi rộng của các tổ chức liên quan đến hạt nhân trên toàn thế giới vẫn còn là một chính sách đặc biệt | 246 Sarah Dix and Emmanuel Pok The PNG Way Why are the recommendations and findings of the three main anti-corruption institutions unenforceable Why does the political system get away with it As this next section elucidates the subversion of traditional culture by political leaders is to blame for this unexpected outcome. Yet only a restatement of modernly interpreted traditional culture not its annihilation offers a workable and sustainable response to these outcomes. Although the PNG public sector has clear rules and standards for behavior public officials face competing demands from kinship groups to share the benefits and wealth that are under their control.25 Indeed many Papua New Guinean leaders advance culture or tradition specifically its modern interpretations as a justification for corrupt behavior. An obvious solution to this apparent conflict between ethical behavior and custom is to legalize culturally acceptable practices and remove or reduce opportunities for officials to exercise discretionary authority.26 At the same time however the authors of this chapter suggest that such an undertaking must be done in a way that recognizes and draws on traditional concepts or symbols such as sharing transparency community assets wan-tok and big men. At the national level one could identify and strengthen culturally sensitive checks and balances that are able to replicate what in the past occurred at the local level in PNG control over the behavior of leaders. Otherwise those within kinship networks will quickly find ways to get around the rules by connecting officials whose sole authority has been removed but who can regain power by an elaborate system of exchange with others. The ineffectiveness of more than thirty constitutional reforms in the last thirty years is testimony to Western institutions lack of legitimacy in the eyes of traditional society. Simply stated these institutions are not embedded in PNG society as they have failed to find a place in the .