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Development planning and hivaids in sub saharan africa phần 8

Nghèo đói và bất bình đẳng Zimbabwe đang trải qua đói nghèo cấp tính. Trong những năm 1990, ít nhất một trong ba người Zimbabwe (36%) sống ít hơn US $ 1 một ngày và trong gần hai ba Zimbabwe (64,2%) sống dưới mức US $ 2 một ngày. | Poverty and inequality Zimbabwe is experiencing acute poverty. During the 1990s at least one in three Zimbabweans 36 were living on less than US 1 a day and almost two out of three Zimbabweans 64.2 were living on less than US 2 a day. By the end of 2002 an estimated three out of four 74 people were expected to live on less than US 2 a day Central Statistical Office 2003a . Unemployment has also increased phenomenally over the years from 18 in 1982 to 60 by 1999. The decline in living standards is further evident in the trends reflecting GNI per capita which has dropped from US 10 523 in 1985 to US 395 in 2000 see Graph 9.2 . Although historically government efforts have been geared towards the reversal of inequalities income inequality in the country is particularly high although trends cannot be discerned from the data available. In 1990 Zimbabwe s Gini coefficient was 0.57 compared to 0.45 for sub-Saharan Africa. UNCTAD has classified Zimbabwe as a highly unequal society in which the richest 20 of the population receive 60 of national income quoted in UNDP 1998 . It is very likely that these disparities will increase as the current economic crisis deepens. Human development During the first two decades of Zimbabwe s independence significant improvements have been recorded across a range of development indicators. For instance the proportion of the population with access to safe water has increased from 80 in 1992 to 83 in 1997. During the same period the proportion of the population with access to sanitation has increased from 68 to 72 . Unfortunately comparable data from the decade preceding 1992 is unavailable. Zimbabwe now boasts one of the highest literacy rates in sub-Saharan Africa. There have been notable improvements over time from 62 in 1982 to 80 in 1990 eventually reaching 88 in 1999. During this period literacy rates among men are consistently higher than among women although the gender gap is slowly closing. In 1982 adult literacy rates for men and .