Bệnh tiểu đường-Speci ® c Thời gian, tuổi khởi phát, mức độ nghiêm trọng của điều trị bệnh và mức độ kiểm soát glucose chăm sóc dài hạn (tức là FPG, HbA1c dài hạn đường không ổn định (FPG, thuộc về bưa ăn sau đỉnh núi, tái phát hạ đường huyết) | MORTALITY IN TYPE 2 DIABETES 107 Table Predictors of cardiovascular mortality in Type 2 diabetes Classic Age and sex Lipid blood pressure BMI Smoking lifestyle etc. Diabetes-specific Duration age of onset severity of the disease Treatment and level of care Long-term glucose control . FPG HbAjc Long-term glucose instability FPG post-prandial peaks recurrent hypoglycemia the subject the higher the absolute risk of dying . Moreover age often behaves as a confounder or as an effect modifier when assessing the importance of other risk factors. The leading cause of death in the Verona diabetes study was cardiovascular disease which accounted for 42 of the overall mortality. As previously observed for all-cause mortality the overall cardiovascular mortality was higher in men than in women at all ages both in the diabetes cohort and in the general population. However when the SMR was considered the impact of diabetes on mortality was higher in women than in men especially in the 65-74 age group De Marco et al 1999 . The 16-year follow-up of the Framingham study demonstrated an equal risk among diabetic men and women in terms of cardiovascular morbidity but mortality was more pronounced in diabetic women Kannel and McGee 1979 . The higher mortality rate in women from all causes and from ischaemic heart diseases was also found in other studies Barrett-Connor 1997 . All these data suggest that diabetes results in partial or complete loss of the female survival advantage Pyorala Laakso and Uusitupa 1987 . However the interplay among sex diabetes and cardiovascular mortality has not been fully explained but many factors such as overweight hypertension and compliance to treatment may account for it. The role of smoking high blood pressure low HDL cholesterol high total cholesterol and obesity have not been studied extensively in elderly subjects. Among the surveys of elderly subjects only a small number were prospective and the results controversial. Some studies suggest
