người cao tuổi viêm thận kẽ bệnh tiểu đường tắc nghẽn uropathy hệ thống lupus ban đỏ (SLE) Amyloidosis AIDS kháng viêm không steroid chống ini ¬, ammatory thuốc 2. Với mức độ renin cao (hypoaldosteronism hyperreninemic) Addisonâ € ™ s bệnh chất ức chế enzyme | 738 SCHAEFER WOLFORD Box 1. Causes of hyperkalemia Pseudohyperkalemia Hemolysis Distal to tourniquet or with fist clenching Marked leukocystosis white blood cell count 50 000 mm3 Marked thrombocystosis platelets 1 million mm3 Decreased potassium elimination Acute or chronic decreased glomerular filtration rate 5-10 mL min 1. Acute or chronic renal failure Hyopaldosteronism 1. With low renin levels hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism Elderly Diabetic Interstitial nephritis Obstructive uropathy Systemic lupus erythematosus SLE Amyloidosis aidS Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 2. With high renin levels hyperreninemic hypoaldosteronism Addison s Disease Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors Angiotension receptor blockers Heparin End-organ resistance to aldosterone normal or elevated aldosterone SLE Sickle cell anemia Obstructive uropathy Transplantation Potassium-sparing diuretic spironolactone Sodium channel blockade Potassium-sparing diuretics amiloride triamterene Trimethoprim blocks sodium reabsorption Pentamidine blocks sodium reabsorption Increased potassium load Potassium supplements Dietary salt substitutes Potassium penicillin Massive blood transfusion Poisoning . potassium chloride water softener pellet ingestion Transcellular shifting Insulin deficiency Rhabdomyolysis increased tissue catabolism Acidosis Hypertonicity Exercise Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis Drugs 1. Non-selective beta-blockers inhibits Na-P-ATPase pump 2. Digitalis toxicity inhibits Na-P-ATPase pump 3. Succinylcholine membrane leak Modified from Zull DN. Disorders of potassium metabolism. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1989 7 4 771-94 with permission and data from Gennari FJ. Disorders of potassium homeostasis hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. Crit Care Clin 2002 18 2 273-88 and Linas SL. The patient with hypokalemia or hyperkalemia. In Schrier RW editor. Manual of Nephrology 5th ed. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams Wilkins 2000. ELSEVIER SAUNDERS EMERGENCY MEDICINE CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA .
