In the editors’ preface to the fourth edition it was noted that there was good news and there was bad news. It is the same for this, the fifth edition. One suspects that this will always be the case. The 2004 Nobel Prize for Peace has been awarded to Professor Dr. Wangari Maathai. Dr. Maathai’s award was based on her efforts on behalf of conservation and women’s rights. These efforts were made at great personal risk. In addition, the Kyoto Protocol has been ratified by the requisite number of countries. The bad news is that some developed nations have declined to join this global effort | FIFTH EDITION ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE and engineering VOLUME 1 A- 2006 by Taylor Francis Group LLC FIFTH EDITION ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE and engineering VOLUME 1 A- EDITED BY JAMES R. PFAFFLIN EDWARD N. ZIEGLER Taylor Francis Taylor Francis Croup Boca Raton London New York A CRC title part of the Taylor Francis imprint a member of the Taylor Francis Group the academic division of T F Informa plc. 2006 by Taylor Francis Group LLC Published in 2006 by CRC Press Taylor Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW Suite 300 Boca Raton FL 33487-2742 2006 by Taylor Francis Group LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor Francis Group No claim to original . Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 987654321 International Standard Book Number-10 0-8493-9843-6 Hardcover International Standard Book Number-13 978-0-8493-9843-8 Hardcover This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted reproduced transmitted or utilized in any form by any electronic mechanical or other means now known or hereafter invented including photocopying microfilming and recording or in any information storage or retrieval system without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work please access http or contact the Copyright Clearance Center Inc. CCC 222 Rosewood Drive Danvers MA 01923 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy
