NƯỚC HÓA THỦY HÓA cân bằng Trong phần này, một ví dụ vài sẽ được đưa ra để chứng minh những nguyên tắc cơ bản của hóa học vật lý có thể hỗ trợ trong việc công nhận của các biến có liên quan đến nhau thành lập các thành phần của vùng nước tự nhiên. Hệ thống nước tự nhiên thường bao gồm các tổ hợp khoáng sản rất nhiều và thường xuyên của một giai đoạn khí trong giai đoạn dịch, họ gần như luôn luôn bao gồm một phần của sinh quyển. Do đó, môi trường sống thủy. | WATER CHEMISTRY AQUATIC CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA In this section a few example will be given that demonstrate how elementary principles of physical chemistry can aid in the recognition of interrelated variables that establish the composition of natural waters. Natural water systems usually consist of numerous mineral assemblages and often of a gas phase in addition to the aqueous phase they nearly always include a portion of the biosphere. Hence natural aquatic habitats are characterized by a complexity seldom encountered in the laboratory. In order to distill the pertinent variables out of a bewildering number of possible ones it is advantageous to compare the real systems with their idealized counterparts. Thermodynamic equilibrium concepts represent the most expedient means of identifying the variables relevant in determining the mineral relationships and in establishing chemical boundaries of aquatic environments. Since minimum free energy describes the thermodynamically stable state of a system a comparison with the actual free energy can characterize the direction and extent of processes that are approaching equilibrium. Discrepancies between equilibrium calculations and the available data of real systems give valuable insight into those cases where chemical reactions are not understood sufficiently where non-equilibrium conditions prevail or where the analytical data are not sufficiently accurate or specific. Alkalinity and Acidity for Aqueous Carbonate Systems Alkalinity and acidity are defined respectively as the equivalent sum of the bases that are titratable with strong acid and the equivalent sum of the acids that are titratable with strong base they are therefore capacity factors which represent respectively the acid and base neutralizing capacities of an aqueous system. Operationally alkalinity and acidity are determined by acidimetric and alkalimetric titrations to appropriate pH end points. These ends points equivalence points occur at the infection .
