Tham khảo tài liệu 'advances in haptics part 10', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Digitizing literacy reflections on the haptics of writing 397 keyboard rather than on the movement of the hand the relationship between the pointing and the character cannot be very specific. The same key can be hit with different movements different fingers and even a different hand. This relationship can also deteriorate but with very different consequences than those pertaining to handwriting. For instance if a key is pressed in error a spelling error will occur but the visual shape of the letter is preserved in perfect condition. The visuomotor association involved in typewriting should therefore have little contribution to its visual recognition. Thus replacing handwriting by typing during learning might have an impact on the cerebral representation of letters and thus on letter memorization. In two behavioral studies Longcamp et al. investigated the handwriting typing distinction one in pre-readers Longcamp Zerbato-Poudou et al. 2005b and one in adults Longcamp Boucard Gilhodes Velay 2006 . Both studies confirmed that letters or characters learned through typing were subsequently recognized less accurately than letters or characters written by hand. In a subsequent study Longcamp et al. 2008 fMRI data showed that processing the orientation of handwritten and typed characters did not rely on the same brain areas. Greater activity related to handwriting learning was observed in several brain regions known to be involved in the execution imagery and observation of actions in particular the left Broca s area and bilateral inferior parietal lobules. Writing movements may thus contribute to memorizing the shape and or orientation of characters. However this advantage of learning by handwriting versus typewriting was not always observed when words were considered instead of letters. In one study Cunningham Stanovich 1990 children spelled words which were learned by writing them by hand better than those learned by typing them on a computer. However subsequent .
