Các dấu hiệu và triệu chứng GERD đau Đau có thể được kinh nghiệm như đốt, hoặc đau lan đến cổ, cổ họng, và phải đối mặt với. Khàn tiếng, cổ họng thanh toán bù trừ hoặc đau cổ họng khó nuốt (khó nuốt) Tại sao gây ra bởi sự kích thích axit màng niêm mạc thường xảy ra 30 phút sau bữa ă | 440 MARLENE HURST t Hurst Reviews Pathophysiology Review GERD pain can be experienced as burning or pain that radiates to the neck throat and face. Table 12-12. Continued Signs and symptoms Why Pain Caused by acid irritation of the mucosal lining Usually occurs 30 minutes after meals or when lying down at night Hoarseness throat clearing or sore throat Acid irritation and backflow of gastric contents irritates the throat Dysphagia difficulty swallowing Scarring from long-term exposure to acid irritation scarring can cause narrowing in esophagus Odynophagia painful swallowing From spasms in the esophagus caused by irritation of tissue Coughing Irritation of the phrenic nerve Source Created by author from References 4 6 and 7. Regurgitation when a person is lying down increases the risk of aspiration. An increased respiratory rate and crackles in the lung fields may indicate aspiration. Quickie tests and treatments Tests for GERD include Ambulatory pH monitoring to measure the frequency and duration of reflux episodes performed by placing a tube through the nose and into the lower esophagus. The outer tube is connected to a monitor worn on the belt. Acid levels are usually measured for 24 hours. Barium swallow to show structural abnormalities and reflux of barium from stomach into esophagus. Performed by using x-rays after client swallows barium. Endoscopy most common test used for diagnosis to directly visualize tissue erythema fragility or erosion and detect esophageal cancer or Barrett s esophagus precancerous change in the lining of the esophagus . Performed using an endoscope tube . Esophageal manometry to measure pressure of esophageal wave motility and identify LES pressure sufficiency. Performed by inserting water-filled catheter through the nose and into the esophagus. Pressures and peristalsis are measured as the catheter is withdrawn. Treatment of GERD aims to reduce reflux of gastric juices and abdominal pressure. Dietary management includes Losing weight
