Chứng vẹo cột sống sau khi mở ngực hẹp thực quản. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1983; 141:457-460. Frola C, Serrano J, Cantoni S et al. CT phát hiện của teo cơ thành ngực sau khi mở ngực: mối quan hệ giữa các cơ liên quan và loại phẫu thuật. AJR Am J Roentgenol năm 1995; 164:599-601. Goodman P, sau mổ Balachandran, Guinto FC Jr teo ngực posterolateral tường hệ thống cơ | Thoracoscopic Repair of Esophageal Atresia 101 10. Gilansz V Boechat IM Birnberg FA et al. Scoliosis after thoracotomy for esophageal atresia. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1983 141 457-460. 11. Frola C Serrano J Cantoni S et al. CT findings of atrophy of chest wall muscle after thoracotomy relationship between muscles involved and type of surgery. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995 164 599-601. 12. Goodman P Balachandran Guinto FC Jr. Postoperative atrophy of posterolateral chest wall musculature CT demonstration. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1993 17 63-66. 13. Carbognani P Spaggiari L Rusca M. Electromyographic evaluation of the spared serratus anterior after postero-lateral thoracotomy. J Cardiovasc Surg 1996 37 529-530. 10 Chapter 11 Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy George W Holcomb III In 1989 Reddick and Olsen in the United States and Dubois et al in France published the first reports of the utilization of laparoscopy for 2 Soon thereafter the technique of laparoscopic cholecystectomy became routine and the standard of care. In 1991 and 1993 the initial descriptions of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in children were These reports described an initial experience of less than 10 patients at each center and demonstrated that the operation could be performed safely and effectively in pediatric patients. Although the application of laparoscopy for other conditions in children was slow to evolve most pediatric surgeons began to apply this technique for cholecystectomy. Historically children have required cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis due to hemolytic disease. However over the past 20 years there has been a changing pattern of disease as more and more patients have been diagnosed with idiopathic cholelithiasis rather than cholelithiasis due to spherocystosis or sickle cell disease. This increased awareness of children with cholelithiasis may be due to an increase in the development of gallstones but may also be due to increased documentation with the widespread
