Đoạn thơ trên trở lại thế kỷ thứ mười bốn, khi cái chết đen (bệnh dịch hạch) đã giết chết hơn người ở châu Âu. Các triệu chứng bệnh dịch hạch bao gồm đau, các hạch bạch huyết sưng lên, gọi là buboes, ở nách, háng, hoặc cổ, sốt cao là 106 ° F, thấp huyết áp, mệt mỏi, lẫn lộn, và chảy máu vào da từ các mạch máu bề mặt mà sản xuất một vòng màu hồng. Chương 3 giao dịch với các tác nhân sinh học có thể được sử dụng bởi những kẻ khủng bố. | 3 Biological Agents and Toxins Ring around the rosie a pocket full of posies ashes ashes we all fall down INTRODUCTION The above nursery rhyme goes back to the fourteenth century when the Black Death bubonic plague killed over 25 000 000 people in Europe. Bubonic plague symptoms included painful swollen lymph nodes called buboes in the armpit groin or neck fever as high as 106 F low blood pressure exhaustion confusion and bleeding into the skin from surface blood vessels which produced a rose-colored ring. Chapter 3 deals with biological agents that could be used by terrorists or others as weapons of mass destruction WMD . There are all kinds of bacteria viruses rickettsiae chlamydia fungi and toxins available in the world but only a limited number may be used as weapons. Some bacteria are round cocci rod-shaped bacilli spiral spirochetes or comma-shaped vibrios and are capable of reproducing outside living cells. Some examples include anthrax brucellosis cholera plague pneumonic shigella tularemia and typhoid. The nature severity and outcome of any infection caused by bacteria depend on the particular species but diseases caused by bacteria often respond positively to the use of antibiotics. Viruses are tiny organisms that can only grow in the cells of another animal. More than 200 viruses are known to cause disease in humans. Antibiotics are not much of a help for virus-produced diseases although viruses may be at least partially responsive to a few antiviral compounds that are available. Examples would include Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever dengue fever Ebola fever eastern equine encephalitis influenza HIV human immunodeficiency virus and Rift Valley fever. Rickettsiae are small round or rod-shaped special bacteria that live inside the cells of fleas ticks lice and mites and are transmitted to humans through bites from such pests. They are similar in one respect to viruses in that they grow only within living cells but dissimilar in that treatment of disease .
