Phân tích của Hệ thống Giao thông vận tải, dự án, Kế hoạch và Chính sách Vốn cổ đông Hệ thống đô thị quá cảnh ở hầu hết các thành phố Mỹ . đã trở thành một quyền dân sự chính hãng vấn đề - và một giá trị - bởi vì cách bố trí nhanh quá cảnh hệ thống xác định khả năng tiếp cận công ăn việc làm cho cộng đồng da đen. Nếu hệ thống giao thông ở các thành phố của Mỹ có thể được đặt ra để cung cấp một cơ hội cho người nghèo để. | 13 Equity Analysis of Transportation Systems Projects Plans and Policies Urban transit systems in most American cities. have become a genuine civil rights issue and a valid one because the layout of rapid-transit systems determines the accessibility of jobs to the black community. If transportation systems in American cities could be laid out so as to provide an opportunity for poor people to get meaningful employment then they could begin to move into the mainstream of American life. Martin Luther King Jr. The modern civil rights movement has its root in fighting the inequity in transportation systems. A landmark event happened in the early evening of December 1 1955 Oedel 1997 . After work Rosa Parks boarded a crowded bus in Montgomery Alabama. She sat down in the rows marked for whites and later refused to relinquish her seat when sought by a white rider. Her arrest led to a bus boycott organized by her pastor Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. In 1954 the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional the infamous doctrine of separate but equal which the same court upheld when examining the Jim Crow segregated seating law of Louisiana in 1896 Bullard and Johnson 1997 . Later the Supreme Court declared discrimination in interstate travel unconstitutional. To test this decision John Lewis and a group of young people began a historic journey by bus from Washington through the Deep South in early 1960s. These Freedom Riders challenged racial segregation and discrimination along their campaign roads and highways. These events preceded the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. On June 15 1999 Rosa Parks received the prestigious Congressional Gold Medal of Honor the highest award bestowed by the . government. Although early struggles have focused on inequity in the operations and services of transit systems little attention was given to the distributional impacts of transportation planning and policies until recently. On April 15 1997 the . Department of Transportation .
