Mô hình hệ sinh thái thủy sản được định nghĩa ở đây là mô hình không gian tổng hợp * đại diện cho các cấu trúc sinh học và phi sinh học kết hợp với vật lý, quá trình hóa học, sinh học, và sinh thái ở các sông, hồ, hồ chứa, cửa sông, hoặc các hệ sinh thái ven biển. Mô hình hệ sinh thái thủy sản có một lịch sử tương đối phát triển lâu dài và đã được áp dụng cho nhiều nước ngọt, cửa sông, và các hệ thống biển. . | CHAPTER 9 Ecosystem Models Aquatic Steven M. Bartell Aquatic ecosystem models are defined here as spatially aggregated models that represent biotic and abiotic structures in combination with physical chemical biological and ecological processes in rivers lakes reservoirs estuaries or coastal ecosystems. Aquatic ecosystem models have a relatively long history of development and have been applied to a variety of freshwater estuarine and marine systems. Among the models selected for evaluation a small subset was originally developed to assess ecological impacts and risks posed by toxic chemicals in aquatic ecosystems Bartell et al. 1988 1992 1999 Hanratty and Stay 1994 Park 1998 . Only one model IfEm fully integrates exposure and effects assessments in a probabilistic framework Bartell et al. 1988 . The development of detailed dynamic models of aquatic ecosystems represents a relatively recent advance in quantitative ecology compared with other ecological modeling efforts . scalar population models . Early aquatic system models date at least to Riley et al. 1949 and Riley 1965 who were interested in a quantitative description of plankton dynamics in the western North Atlantic Ocean. By the late 1960s several aquatic ecological models had been derived primarily to examine hypotheses concerning the plankton populations growing in a dynamic physical and chemical environment. Patten 1968 noted the development of several hundred models of plankton interactions by the late 1960s. Perhaps the first comprehensive biotic-abiotic mathematical descriptions of the physical chemical biological and ecological aspects of production dynamics in aquatic ecosystems resulted from the International Biological Programme IBP McIntosh 1985 . Detailed computer simulation models were constructed for Lake Wingra a small eutrophic lake in Madison Wisconsin . MacCormick et al. 1975 and for Lake George New York Park et al. 1974 . Following these earlier models mathematical and computer .
