Doug MacLean giải thích trong bài trình bày bài phát biểu của mình tại hội nghị chuyên đề từ văn bản này phát sinh (chương 13), "sự thật không thể phủ nhận rằng chúng ta phải làm cho thương mại-off giữa rủi ro và giữa các phương pháp giảm thiểu rủi ro. " Để làm như vậy, chúng tôi đã mô tả những rủi ro xung quanh chúng ta và làm cho sự lựa chọn về cách để đối phó với họ. Như phần trước của khối này làm cho rõ ràng, đánh giá và bản án là không tránh khỏi giá trị đầy. Đồng. | SECTION III Values and Value Judgments 1996 by CRC Press LLC INTRODUCTION TO 11 QUANTITATIVE ISSUES David w. Schnare As Doug MacLean explained in his keynote presentation at the symposium from which this text arose Chapter 13 the undeniable truth is that we must make trade-offs between risks and between methods of risk reduction. To do so we have to describe the risks around us and make choices on how to deal with them. As the previous section of this volume makes clear assessments and judgments are inevitably value laden. As well they will always reflect the moral suasion of those involved. The challenge is whether to expose these values and morals and if so how to do so. In Chapter 14 James Nash announces that risk assessment and risk management are considerably more than a scientific enterprise. They are value laden and not morally neutral. He argues that to ignore implicit values and moral assumptions is to miss a considerable perspective on decisions. In fact it is to ignore the question of ethics in decision making. Nash suggests that to incorporate ethics it will be necessary not only to expose the value base implicit in assessments and decisions but to expand them beyond those typically applied using traditional assessment and management tools like animal studies and benefit-cost analysis. He highlights four value considerations that are often bypassed or underemphasized in risk analysis. Three of these reflect the issue of distributive justice going well beyond justice among people to the question of biotic justice . While rich with insights on the need for consideration of ethics in risk assessment and management Nash s contribution also offers a practical direction to ensure this gets done. He suggests that evaluations cannot be restricted solely to scientific peer review. Some form of public involvement and evaluation particularly by ethicists is essential to expand the value base and ensure consideration of ethics. In Chapter 15 Christopher Paterson .
