Chương này cadmium (Cd) cung cấp luận văn học cần thiết của kiến thức hiện tại về chất độc Cd. Một tóm tắt ý kiến liên quan đến lĩnh vực này được trình bày trong chương này. Nó bao gồm và xác định các khía cạnh về các xu hướng trong tương lai chất độc Cd trong các hình thức giả thuyết phác thảo được khám phá dựa trên ý kiến của các nhà nghiên cứu trong lĩnh vực này. Nhấn mạnh đặc biệt là về ảnh hưởng sức khỏe con người tiếp xúc Cd và cơ chế phân tử. | 8 Cadmium Monica Nordberg Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden Gunnar F. Nordberg Umea University Umea Sweden 1. INTRODUCTION This chapter on cadmium Cd provides a review of pertinent literature of present knowledge on Cd toxicology. A synopsis of current opinion related to this field is presented in the chapter. It includes and pinpoints aspects on future trends in Cd toxicology in the form of outlined hypotheses to be explored based on opinions by researchers in the field. Special emphasis is put on health effects in humans of Cd exposure and molecular mechanisms explaining such effects. It defines the critical effects and includes a risk estimate. Attention is paid to occurrence of exposure and health effects historical and geographical endemic areas exposure and dose levels giving rise to health effects and vulnerable groups. Experimental studies performed on cellular systems laboratory animals and epidemiological studies constitute background information for risk estimation and recommendations of importance for prevention. The important role of metallothionein in modulating Cd toxicity is emphasized. A review of Cd toxicity based on organs and effects is presented. Methods for detection of adverse effects of Cd are brought to attention. Copyright 2002 Marcel Dekker Inc. 2. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL SPECIES Cadmium was discovered in 1817 by the German chemist Friedrich Strohmeyer. It is a soft silver-white metal and is similar in appearance to zinc but is softer and is to some extent used in a similar way as zinc. Cadmium originates from the Latin word cadmia which means calamine that is zinc carbonate. The Greek word kadmeia has the same meaning. Cadmium was found as an impurity of zinc carbonate which upon heating changed color owing to impurities of cadmium. Cadmium does not have a defined taste or odor. Location in the periodic table is in group IIB. Atomic number is 48 and atomic mass is . Naturally occurring isotopes are 106 108 110 111
