MÔI TRƯỜNG KHOA HỌC VÀ HÓA MÔI TRƯỜNG Để hiểu hóa học độc hại, nó là cần thiết để có một số hiểu biết về bối cảnh môi trường trong đó xảy ra hiện tượng hóa học độc hại. Điều này sẽ đòi hỏi một sự hiểu biết của bức tranh rộng lớn hơn của khoa học môi trường và hóa học môi trường, giải quyết trong chương này. Ngoài ra cần thiết là một sự hiểu biết về hóa chất môi trường tương tác với sinh vật và hệ sinh thái, giải quyết bằng các chủ đề của nghiên. | Chapter 2 Environmental Chemistry ENVIRONMENTAL science and environmental chemistry In order to understand toxicological chemistry it is necessary to have some understanding of the environmental context in which toxicological chemical phenomena occur. This in turn requires an understanding of the broader picture of environmental science and environmental chemistry which are addressed in this chapter. Also needed is an understanding of how environmental chemicals interact with organisms and their ecosystems as addressed by the topic of ecotoxicology covered in Chapter 5. Environmental science can be defined as the study of the earth air water and living environments and the effects of technology To a significant degree environmental science has evolved from investigations of the ways by which and places in which living organisms carry out their life cycles. This is the discipline of natural history which in recent times has evolved into ecology the study of environmental factors that affect organisms and how organisms interact with these factors and with each other. The Environment Traditionally environmental science has been divided among the study of the atmosphere the hydrosphere the geosphere and the biosphere. To an increasing extent during their brief time on earth humans have used their ingenuity and technology to cause enormous perturbations in the natural environment. This has occurred to such a degree that it is now necessary to recognize a fifth sphere of the environment that is constructed and operated by humans the anthrosphere. The five spheres of the environment are shown in Figure . The atmosphere is the thin layer of gases that cover Earth s surface. In addition to its role as a reservoir of gases the atmosphere moderates Earth s temperature absorbs energy and damaging ultraviolet radiation from the sun transports energy away from equatorial regions and serves as a pathway for vapor-phase movement of water in the hydrologic .
