Drought and Water Cruises: Science, Technology, and Management Issues - Chapter 6

Hạn hán là một người truy cập thường xuyên tới Úc, Nam Phi, và Hoa Kỳ. Mỗi quốc gia đã phải vật lộn để có hiệu quả quản lý sự kiện hạn hán, và bài học kinh nghiệm từ các cố gắng dạy các quốc gia này, phản ứng khủng hoảng quản lý phương pháp tiếp cận phần lớn là không hiệu quả, thúc đẩy sự phụ thuộc vào chính phủ và tăng tính dễ tổn thương xã hội giai đoạn hạn hán tiếp theo. lặp đi lặp lại xuất hiện hạn hán trong những thập kỷ gần đây đã đặt mỗi quốc gia trên một khóa học. | 6 National Drought Policy Lessons Learned from Australia South Africa and the United States DONALD A. WILHITE LINDA BOTTERILL And KARL monniK CONTENTS I. Introduction. 138 II. Drought Policy and Preparedness Defining a New Paradigm. 138 III. National Drought Policy Lessons from Australia. 140 A. Pre-Drought Policy Period in Australia. 141 B. The National Drought Policy. 142 C. Current Status and Future Directions. 146 IV. Drought Policy in South Africa. 150 V. Moving from Crisis to Risk Management Creeping toward a National Drought Policy for the United States . 158 VI. Summary. 167 References. 167 137 Copyright 2005 by Taylor Francis Group 138 Wilhite et al. I. INTRODUCTION Drought is a frequent visitor to Australia South Africa and the United States. Each country has struggled to effectively manage drought events and lessons learned from these attempts have taught these countries that the reactive crisis management approach is largely ineffective promoting greater reliance on government and increasing societal vulnerability to subsequent drought episodes. Repeated occurrences of drought in recent decades have placed each nation on a course to develop a national drought policy that promotes improved self-reliance by placing greater emphasis on monitoring and early warning improving decision support and preparedness planning and enhancing risk management. Although each nation has differed in its approach the goal is the same to reduce societal vulnerability to drought through improved self-reliance while minimizing the need for government intervention. This chapter describes the process each country has gone through to reach its current level of preparedness and the status of current drought policies. A case study of each country will provide insight into the complexities of the policy development process the obvious and not-so-obvious pitfalls and future prospects. The ultimate objective of this chapter is to help other nations achieve a higher level of .