Để ngăn chặn các hệ thống sinh học trong môi trường không bị hư hỏng do các chất độc hại, ecotoxicological giám sát phụ thuộc rất nhiều vào chất hóa học- phương pháp phân tích. Những phương pháp này kết hợp độ nhạy cao, độ đặc hiệu, và khả năng dễ dàng xác định số lượng các hợp chất quan tâm. | chapter five Bioassays and biosensors capturing biology in a nutshell B. van der Burg and A. Brouwer Contents Introduction .177 Bioassays and biosensors .179 Definitions .179 Bioassays .180 In vivo bioassays .180 In vitro bioassays .180 Transgenic animals .182 Biosensors .184 Biological recognition elements .184 Transducers .186 Biological endpoints .187 Complementary and integrative technologies .187 Validation and Future perspectives .188 Summary .190 References .190 Introduction To prevent biological systems in the environment from being damaged by noxious substances ecotoxicological monitoring depends heavily on chemical-analytical methods. These methods combine high sensitivity specificity and the possibility of readily quantifying the compound of interest. These 177 2005 by Taylor Francis Group LLC 178 Ecotoxicological testing of marine and freshwater ecosystems measurements however have a major drawback. They are suitable for measuring a limited set of pollutants selected because they have been found to cause harmful biological effects in experiments directed toward identifying hazardous compounds. This approach was successful at a time when pollution was characterized by high concentrations of a limited number of pollutants with acute biological effects. The next phase in monitoring is rapidly emerging succeeding the ongoing and very successful eradication of the release and accumulation of highly noxious materials in the environment. This new phase uses the biological effect itself as an analytical tool. By integrating the effects of a broad spectrum of chemicals at the same biological endpoint a much more comprehensive testing system may be designed. Three major developments have greatly speeded up the introduction of bioanalytical tools. First there is an awareness of the environmental spread of an ever-increasing number of chemicals and their metabolites albeit at relatively low individual levels. This plethora of chemicals .
