Chương 1 và 2 cung cấp chi tiết các bài kiểm tra độc tính tiêu chuẩn hóa (hoặc bioassays) đã được phát triển cho mục đích cụ thể, chẳng hạn như kiểm tra, đánh giá rủi ro cao tầng, thủ tục xác nhận hoặc đánh giá độc tính. Ngoài các xét nghiệm này tiêu chuẩn hóa, những người mới đang được phát triển bằng cách sử dụng loài phù hợp sinh thái. Kiểm tra tiêu chuẩn hóa là một sự lựa chọn hợp lý khi chúng được sử dụng trong các đánh giá cảnh báo sớm trong một pin chiếu kiểm tra. Đối với đánh giá. | chapter eight Ecotoxicological testing of marine and freshwater ecosystems synthesis and recommendations . den Besten and M. Munawar Contents Application of toxicity tests .250 Application of biomarkers .251 Biomarkers in combination with bioassays .251 Biomarkers in tiered approaches .252 Biomarkers linked with chemical analysis .253 Biomarkers as diagnostic tools .254 New technologies .254 Remote sensing .256 Risk perception .256 Conclusions and emerging research needs .256 Final remarks .258 Acknowledgments .258 References .259 Over the past 25 years major developments have been made in the field of ecotoxicology. Traditional testing methods have improved in robustness representativeness and in their integration in decision support systems such as whole effluent assessment. Furthermore a number of new techniques have been presented in the literature for which important applications are foreseen in the quality assessment of surface water drinking water wastewater sediment in situ and dredged material. This chapter provides a synthesis of these developments and discusses further research requirements. 249 2005 by Taylor Francis Group LLC 250 Ecotoxicological testing of marine and freshwater ecosystems Application of toxicity tests Chapters 1 and 2 provide details of standardized toxicity tests or bioassays that have been developed for specific purposes such as screening high-tiered risk assessment or toxicity identification evaluation procedures. In addition to these standardized tests new ones are being developed using species of ecological relevance. Standardized tests are a logical choice when they are used in early-warning assessments or in a screening battery of tests. For site-specific risk assessment however there is a clear need for tests with species that are present in the environment being investigated. In many projects decisions can more easily be made when they are based on data with high relevance to the field situation. In some countries there is
