Gần đây mở rộng của hệ thống dịch hại tổng hợp (IPM) Có Quản lý cách mạng hóa các khái niệm về bảo vệ thực vật nguyên không chỉ ở Nhật Bản nhằm mục đích Ngoài ra tại các khu vực khác của thế giới. Do đó, nhà côn trùng học và Ứng dụng sinh thái học cơ bản được hưởng Favor bất ngờ tại Tất cả các cấp, không chỉ để tăng cường Ngoài ra cây trồng năng suất mục tiêu để bảo tồn thiên nhiên. Trong một thời gian dài, các loại sinh học tương tác đã-được chưa được khám phá và. | 920103_CRC20_0904_CH08 1 13 01 10 56 AM Page 167 CHAPTER 8 Species Structure and Abundance of Invertebrate Natural Enemies in Sustainable Agroecosystems Hiroshi Amano CONTENTS Nature of Species Structure and Abundance of Predacious Phytoseiid Geographical and Climatic Food Habits and Co-occurring Prey Physical and Chemical Factors of Host General Pattern of Dominancy in Phytoseiid Attributes of Mite Species Commonly Found in Agroecosystems and Factors Affecting their Phytoseiid Fauna in North American Apple Pesticide Application as Ultimate and Proximate Cultural Practice as Ultimate and Proximate Change in Prey Fauna as a Proximate Competitive Interaction as an Ultimate Use of Natural Enemies in Sustainable Agroecosystems as Concluding INTRODUCTION Recent expansion of the integrated pest management IPM system has revolutionized the whole concept of crop protection not only in Japan but 0-8493-0904-2 01 .50 2001 by CRC Press LLC 167 920103_CRC20_0904_CH08 1 13 01 10 56 AM Page 168 168 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN AGROECOSYSTEMS DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT also in other areas of the world. Consequently applied entomologists and fundamental ecologists enjoy unexpected favor at all levels not only to boost crop yield but also to preserve nature. For a long time the nature of biotic interactions has been undiscovered and hidden in agricultural lands by heavy use of agrochemicals. Japan one of the leading producers of these chemicals unfortunately has taken the lead in throwing them into various facets of agroecosystems where a rich biotic fauna of the temperate zone was originally established. A unique problematic example showing this process is a fauna of natural enemies of notorious pest mites. It is a well-known fact that spider mites were not of primary importance in pest management prior to the .
