Để giúp định lượng rủi ro sinh thái sinh vật dưới nước từ tiếp xúc với dung dịch xianua, thuỷ sản dữ liệu độc tính đã được biên dịch để phát triển các tiêu chuẩn chất lượng ambientwater cho việc bảo vệ thủy sản cuộc sống ở Hoa Kỳ [2]. Quốc gia môi trường xung quanh chỉ tiêu chất lượng nước (AWQC) thiết lập ngưỡng tối đa nồng độ các chất ô nhiễm vô cơ và hữu cơ, cho cả môi trường nước ngọt và biển. | 14 Aquatic Toxicity of Cyanide Robert W. Gensemer David K. DeForest Angela J. Stenhouse Cortney J. Higgins and Rick D. Cardwell CONTENTS Mechanisms of Toxicity. 252 Cyanide Bioavailability. 252 Evidence Supporting Toxicity of Free versus Complex Cyanides. 253 Other Environmental Factors that Influence Bioavailability. 254 Toxicity to Freshwater Biota. 254 Acute Lethality to Freshwater Fish. 270 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates. 270 Acute Sublethal Effects on Freshwater Fish. 271 Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater Fish. 272 Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates . 273 Freshwater Algae and Vascular Plants. 273 Toxicity to Marine Biota . 273 Acute Toxicity to Marine Fish. 273 Acute Toxicity to Marine Invertebrates. 274 Chronic Toxicity to Marine Fish and Invertebrates. 274 Marine Algae and Vascular Plants. 275 Regulatory Criteria for Protection of Aquatic Life. 275 Basis of Current AWQC. 276 Comparison of Current AWQC to Updated Toxicity Literature . 276 Criteria Implementation as a Function of Cyanide Chemical Form . 277 Summary and Conclusions . 278 Acknowledgments. 279 References. 279 Concerns over the toxicity of cyanide to aquatic organisms have resulted from the use and discharge of cyanide compounds from sewage treatment plants industrial processes and from extraction of gold or silver from natural ores Chapter 3 1 . Free hydrogen cyanide HCN concentrations can occur in surface waters from to several mg HCN l 1 and thus may reach concentrations that are sublethal or lethal to both freshwater and marine organisms under some circumstances. To help quantify ecological risks to aquatic organisms from exposure to aqueous cyanides aquatic toxicity data have been compiled to develop ambient water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic life in the United States 2 . National ambient water quality criteria AWQC .
