Ts benefi quan trọng nhất của thiết kế cho môi trường (DFE) chỉ có thể được thu được khi toàn bộ vòng đời của một sản phẩm đã được đưa vào xem xét ở giai đoạn thiết kế. Chỉ có một tầm nhìn có hệ thống của sản phẩm trên của nó vòng đời có thể, trên thực tế, đảm bảo rằng các hoạt động thiết kế không chỉ identifi es môi trường sản phẩm criticalities, nhưng cũng làm giảm hiệu quả và tránh chỉ đơn giản là chuyển giao các tác động từ một trong những lĩnh vực khác. Trong chương này, một tầm nhìn. | Part I Life Cycle Approach 35 2006 by Taylor Francis Group LLC Chapter 2 Life Cycle Approach and the Product-System Concept and Modeling The most important benefits of Design for Environment DFE can only be obtained when the entire life cycle of a product is already taken into consideration at the design stage. Only a systematic vision of the product over its life cycle can in fact ensure that the design activity not only identifies the product s environmental criticalities but also reduces them effectively and avoids simply transferring impacts from one arena to another. In this chapter a holistic vision of the product and its life cycle is presented where the latter is no longer thought of as a series of independent processes expressed exclusively by their technological aspects but rather as a complex product-life cycle system set in its environmental economic and sociotech-nological context. Life Cycle Concept and Theory Originally conceived in the context of studies on biological systems the concept of life cycle has become widely used as a model for the interpretation and analysis of phenomena characterized by processes of change. It is applied in many wide-ranging fields from social sciences to processes of technological innovation. This second case in particular represents one of the more interesting examples of the metaphor of biological evolution used in the management of industrial activities Abernathy and Utterback 1978 . Beginning from this type of experience the application of Life Cycle Theory to the development of industrial products has become a key factor in the management of technological innovation where it is recognized as an effective instrument of analysis and a useful aid to decision making. Life Cycle Theory General Concepts With regard to the study and understanding of the processes of development and evolution of organizational structures management science has adopted 37 2006 by Taylor Francis Group LLC 38 Product Design for the
